MUSI 1002 Notes - 2546 Words

The Culture Industry Made up of economic institutions Adorno’s theories fundamental Commodity Fetishism The culture industry is successful because people fetishize cultural objects Creates false needs, alternative ways of thinking without people realizing People focus on consuming. To own it. We need to have it. Ex. Purchasing a concert ticket Standardization Popular music standardized: 1. Number of types immediately recognizable 2. Small number of structures 3. Small number of components to each song that’s interchangeable (ex.Intro,verse,chorus etc) Pseudo-individualization The type of variation between standardized products Surface changes (rhythm), not basic structure (chord progressions, verse, chorus) If pop†¦show more content†¦Syncopated rhythms Ex. Goldie â€Å"Angel† Electronica Not specifically made for dancing Desgned for wide range of uses Ex. Moby â€Å"Natural Blues† â€Å"Historica Electronica Preface† Simon Reynolds 2001 Lays out parameters that define a â€Å"field of possibility† within electronic dance music Texture matters more than actual rhythm Process of Sampling Mashups: Relies on irony and nostalgia, lots of people wil be familiar with the songs Convey cultural critique, launch discussions on social issues Correspondences, connotations and critical readings. Turned consumptions into production. Referring to the creative process DJ Danger Mouse, brought genre into public discourse Sampling, Meanings, and Interpretation Brackett, â€Å"Sample Mania† Can’t Touch This, resembles Super Freak. Same backing track. Hip hop is now commercial, started by 1990s. He suggested that popularity is due to the sampling of well known songs. In 1997, hit songs based on samplings with pervasive What impact does the song have? What is popular music text? Anything that conveys a cultural meaning Popular music text: recordings, music videos, live performances The music components in lyrics is important but also album covers Intertextuality: The idea that text communicates its meaning in relation to other texts. Meanings represented in popular text Preferred reading: dominant message set within codes and conventions in creation of the text Meaning may not

Intelegenc - 639 Words

INTRO: Abnormal psychology merely defined as behavior that is other than normal. However, other aspects have to be taken into account before an individual is categorized as normal; their culture, religion, and mind/body have significant effects on behavior. (Josh Part) Culture can be described as a representation of ones background and heritage, the views of music, art, and food are all taken into account when viewing an individual’s culture. Culture is actually a psychological word that describes a range of learned behaviors according individuals ethnic and social beliefs. There are variances in the understanding of abnormal behavior among different cultures. Which has an influence on how abnormalities are diagnosed and†¦show more content†¦Asian and Latino Cultures avoid expressing themselves in an emotional or distressing type of manor, rather they express anxiety in a physical way. In these cultures the expression of emotion is highly stigmatized and the expression of any emotion to a member outside the individuals immediate family is strongly discouraged (parker, 2011). Psychological disorders affect different cultures at different rates, for example a study of the different racial groups of the United States, viewed individual s over a lifetime and African Americans are significantly less likely than whites to become de- pressed, while the rate of depression for Latinos falls about midway between these two groups (parker, 2011). Depression is defined as an individual having a disorder with mood changes, social interactions, and physical functions. Depression is common for the American Culture and not so common in internationally such as Asian cultures. One reason for this statistics is that Asian people tend to live in an extending family setting. Which social support can be administered immediately for soothing results (parker, 2011). Diagnosing practice of the Chinese have varied over the years, and possibly for that reason depression rates that have been reported are inaccurate. â€Å"For example, Chinese psychiatrists have tended to take a broad diagnostic view of schizophrenia, with the result that some patients with affective disorders

Leading Change Custom Research by Essay Writers Free Essays

As the modern business world becomes more complex, so too do the things that are required for organizations to emerge as viable competitors in the challenging international environment of the 21st century.   In his book â€Å"Leading Change†, John P. Kotter discusses the needs of 21st century organizations at length; through the course of his discussion, Kotter makes several assertions that correspond directly to certain areas of education. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Change Custom Research by Essay Writers or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In this paper, two of these areas will be further discussed. The Impact of Kotter’s Book on Educational Administration Generally stated, from Kotter’s point of view, the organizations and organizational leaders that will be most successful in the 21st century will be those that embrace learning as a lifelong pursuit (Kotter, 1996), which of course should lead to better leadership, decision making and hence stronger organizations. With this premise in mind, the impact of Kotter’s theories on educational administration becomes much clearer; administrators in the modern educational system must not make the mistake of viewing education as something that the individual pursues in their earlier years as a means of starting a career, but must view education as a holistic process that is the common denominator in the life of an individual, even after starting on a career path to upgrade skills, become more proficient in present job responsibilities, and perhaps to be promoted to higher positions where they can have more of a positive organizational impact. The demand that will exist for lifelong learning will mould the role of educational administrators into a sort of career coach or adult mentor, whereby they will be consulting the long-term learner on the best educational path to take; moreover, based upon the demands for certain curricula, the administrator will undoubtedly be involved in the creation and implementation of new courses to meet growing demand. How Kotter’s Work Could Shape the Knowledge of Educators As a consequence of the directional change of educational administrators, Kotter’s work could also shape the knowledge of educators in several significant ways.   Kotter, in â€Å"Leading Change†, puts forth the philosophy that without learning, no major positive change can take place in an organization, and with this end in mind, the members of a given organization need to be encouraged to â€Å"learn how to continue learning† and â€Å"learn how to lead† (Kotter, 1996). Therefore, just as the administrator will play a mentoring role in this new learning process, the educators themselves will become the main drivers of these new learning strategies, in pursuit of the end result.   Educators will also need to renew a commitment to lifelong learning, as they return to the classroom as students in order to learn the kinds of material that they in turn will be required to teach to the lifelong learner. In addition, their educational approach to the student will surely change extensively due to the fact that they will be directing lessons toward a much different demographic than usual, with different goals and ways of retaining material that is given to them.   Lastly, the educators will need to keep in mind that the adult learner may be resistant to the educational process, at least initially. Summary John P. Kotter poses a challenge to leaders, organization members, and the educational community in â€Å"Leading Change†.   This challenge comes in the form of a call to action that, if followed, will undoubtedly advance the modern organization and change the face of business for generations to come.   With business and education working in tandem, a new revolution is on the horizon that will provide, along with challenges, endless opportunity and promise. References (Kotter, 1996) (Kotter John P 1996 Leading Change)Kotter, John P. (1996). Leading Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.    How to cite Leading Change Custom Research by Essay Writers, Essays

The Pursuit of New Product Development Principles of Marketing

Question: Describe about The pursuit of new product development Principles Of Marketing? Answer: What is marketing? Marketing can be defined as the process by which the goods and the services move from the place of their concept to the customers. It involves to the identification of the product, the selection and the development of the product so that it meets the requirement of the people. there are two types of definition given one is from the social perspective and the other is from the managerial perspective (Appannaiah, Reddy and Ramanath, 2010). From the social perspective it can be said that marketing as the process by which the individuals as well as the groups get what they need by offering, creating, and exchanging services which provides value and products freely with the others. The managerial perspective defines marketing as the art of selling the products. But it needs to be seen that the main objective of marketing is to understand the needs and wants of the customer very well so that the product fits them and they are able to sell it to the people. The American Marketing Association gave the managerial definition of marketing as: Marketing (management) is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals (Kotler and Armstrong, 1991). The airline industry is one of the profitable industries in the world and it is also one of the most challenging. There are three major issues that put threat to this industry they are safety, sustainability and convenience. The Malaysian airlines provide world class flight experience for the people. It is the national carrier in the country and is the largest airline industry in Asia. The airline carries nearly 37000 people on a regular basis to moir than 80 destinations across the world in 4 continents. The airline provides the best Cabin staff in the area and it has won awards for this. More over the company has over the past seven years have won this award for their outstanding performances in the service they provide to the people (Ashrafia, 2015). It can be said the company is way ahead in marketing their offers and the services that they provide. They try to understand the needs and demands of the people and customize their services in such a way that it is liked by the people. The success of the company depends on fact that how much the products liked by the people and the demand among the people. by the statistics that the flight carries 37000 people daily it can be seen that the company is successful in creating demand among the people by giving them unparallel services and they were successful in their marketing strategy (Hill, Self and Roche, 2002). Situation Analysis (SWOT) and how the Marketing Strategy is applicable to Malaysia Airlines The situation analysis of Malaysian Airlines can be done with the help of SWOT analysis. The Malaysian airline is a government owned airline and the flag holder of Malaysia. The company has several hubs and ports from where the flights are controlled. From the situation analysis of the company we will be able to find the factors that add to the strengths and weakness of the airline company (BOONE, 2012). The strengths of the company Strong recognition of the brand- the brand is equally recognized in the domestic market as well as in the international market. The company has constantly put up a high standard of services to the people. The airline is rated as five stars by the aviation rating organization. More over the company is a award winner in the best cabin staff There is strong brand recall- the Malaysian airline is the name that comes to the minds of the people due to the branding and the promotion done by the company. More over the company has a well developed advertising as well as marketing teams who help the company to highlight their images in the minds of the people (The Telegraph, 2015). Management of the company- the Malaysian airlines has a strong management team and a good organizational structure. The management team plays an important role in the in planning as well as the controlling of the actions of the company in order to make the airline one of the best in its class in Asia. Quality distribution system- the Malaysian airlines has an extensive distribution network in the south Asian part, Middle East and also in Australia apart from the other global destinations like the USA and Canada. The distribution system of the company is proved to be efficient with more and more people are relying on it and are using it as a means to travel to the different parts of the world (theguardian, 2015). The weakness of the company There are several weaknesses that the company faces. It is in terms of the personnel as well as the finance. Relying on the international market- the airline depends heavily on the international market and the international onward moving traffic for their operation. There is very small domestic traffic in the country and there is limited growth in the domestic market of the company. Financial condition- the company was able to turnaround from their losses in the year 2007. They were not able to fully recover from the losses and were seriously hit in the year 2011 when they suffered a loss of RM 237 million. More over the competitors like the Thai airways and the Singapore airways have recovered from their losses and are financially stronger than the Malaysian airlines. Lowering operating profits of the company- the operating profits Malaysian airlines are lowering each day. Thus the performance is getting more severe as the company has to tackle the situation with the limited operating capital (Fine, 2009). Opportunities of the company Emerging markets- the company has the opportunity to enter new markets and expand the business internationally in various foreign markets. Thus the company has the opportunity to exaggerate the airline business in to the untapped market. New services- the company is trying to give added advantages to the people through their services. The company is promoting the Malaysian airlines as a tourism which provides medical packages to the people. The company has partnered with the local hospitals and it expects to get medical passengers from Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh. Threats of the company Competitors- the Malaysian airlines faces a lot of competition from the other airliners like the Thai Airlines, the Singapore Airlines etc. more over there are low cost airlines like the Air Asia as well as the Jet Star. These companies are set not to lose their market share in the Asian market. Terrorism and crashes- terrorism is one of the major threats to the company. The effect of the terrorism might be in some of the countries in which the flight is operating or in the flight itself. More over there has been some crashes in the flights of the Malaysian Airlines like the MH370 and MH17 in the recent past. Customer satisfaction The concept of the customer satisfaction is an important aspect in the marketing concept. The main aim of the marketers is to satisfy the needs, wants and the demands of the people by providing goods and services according the choice of the people. The customer satisfaction is perceived from the fact that the people will purchase repeatedly and the name of the company will spread by word of mouth (Chen, 2015). The airlines industry is concerned with the satisfaction of the customers, for that purpose the companies need to renew their strategies as well as try to products innovation and services that will provide benefit to the people. the airline industry of Malaysia needs to constantly improve their uniqueness in the services so that there is competitive advantage of the company over their competitors (Factors Affecting Customer Linking Capabilities and Customer Satisfaction in CRM, 2012). Perceived value- Customer perceived-value is the process of perception about the quality, benefit, social psychology and money. It is said that perceived value is a significant aspect in the purchasing decision of the consumers, and the customers will purchase a product by means of high perceived value. Perceived quality- Perceived quality is just the customers assessment in overall, of the average process of getting consumer services. Some expert considers that the apparent quality is the degree of conformity rate among the perceived performance as well as customer expectations. The brand image of the company can be positively impressed by the perceived quality. Customers also judge the class of the product or the service on the base of a range of informational cue that they try to relate with the items (DR.K.VANITHA, 2012). Macro and micro environment of marketing There are two kinds of factors that affect the environment of the business. These factors are sometimes external to the company and at times internal to the company. The macro environment is considered to be the one that is external to the company and affect all the firms that are there in the industry. The micro factors are those that are internal to the company and are likely to affect the individual company only (Themalaysianinsider.com, 2015). The various macro environmental factors that affect the business are: Economic factors Political factors Technological factors Socio-cultural factors Environmental factors The various micro environmental factors that affect the business are: Customers Suppliers Shareholders Employees Media Competitors The macro environmental factors that affect the Malaysian airlines are: Socio economic factors The airlines industry has suffered losses of around $10.4 billion in the year 2008 and the $9 billion in the year 2009. The fall in the loss of the airlines was due to the fact that the prices of the fuel reduced. The company earlier also faced tremendous losses in the year 2000 when the company was forced to cut down the routes that were unprofitable. The Malaysian airlines had to face the struggle again in the year 2011 due to the rise in the fuel price and for the mismanagement issue. The company has recovered well from the crisis with in 2013 by executing a rationalization of the routes and implementing better marketing strategy. Until recently the company faced severe blow when two of their aircrafts crashed within a gap of four months in 2014. It was seen that the company which was struggling with the financial crisis had to face the new challenges due to the plane tragedies (Dugi-doc.udg.edu, 2015). Socio-cultural factors The aviation industry looks to the matter of the environment and the impact that are associated with the environment. The aircrafts of today are nearly 80 % more fuel efficient than those that were manufactured in the 1960s. There are certain aspects that needs to be kept in mind that the aircrafts in while in the air emit certain amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are certain factors that had an impact on the people. There are people from various religions who board the planes for their travel. Malaysian airlines need to take the initiative that the people travelling in it are satisfied and they need to market the fact that the planes effective in holding up their demand and that the planes are efficient in saving the environment so that they can earn the trust of the people (Lee and Park, 2014). The micro environmental factors that affect the Malaysian airlines are: Competitors The competitors of Malaysian airlines are intense as the company faces tough competition from other airlines like the Singapore Airways and the Thai Airways. The company faces both full fare as well as low cost airlines that operate in the Asian region. There is immense competition that the company faces in the Middle East region, India and China. These competitions often create a pressure on the performance of the company and hamper the revenue of the company (Song Jing, n.d.). Employees Malaysian airlines have a well designed structure in the organization. There are talented employees who look after the benefit of the people. The productivity of the airline help the company improves their situation during the financial crisis that had hit the company in the year 2004-2005. Though there are certain advantages of having skilled employees who look to the benefit of the company, there were times when the inefficiency of the employees led to severe losses. This was mainly due to the poor decision making of the company. Demographic segmentation and differentiated strategy The Malaysian airlines operate on a service based criteria which accommodates the customer with an excellent flying experience. The company on a regular basis reviews the performance of the company so that they are able to update the service that they provide, and they stay in competitive advantage from their competitors. The target customers of the company are all class of people belonging to the high income group as well as the low income group. The company has initiated this approach so that they are able to attract a wide range of people (Palmer, 2000). The company tries to achieve those by introducing sales promotion through the media and also by establishing of subsidiaries in the business. The company ensures that the customers are entitled to a first class travelling experience at low prices whenever the people board the plane. The company follows a differentiated targeting as the company has special classes of tickets for all the types of people. There are various features that the company provides like corporate travel, government travel in the commercial sector apart from the various low priced and high priced flights that are provided to the people (Eggermond, 2007). In the corporate travel the company provides special facilities to the people of the corporate sector by planning the most attractive, competitive and suitable price structure for the corporation and for the people. In the government travel the company tries to provide for the government employees certain facilities as the government is the strategic partner of the company. The company provides tickets as well as travel warrants to the government officers and other officials on the duty. Consumer behavior identifies the needs and the wants of the people or the consumers. Needs are those that are unsatisfactory conditions that the people have and thus it prompts the companies to look into those matters to serve the people in a better way. There are certain aspects that are considered to be essential for the company to make the consumer feel happy and satisfied after they avail the services of the company. Malaysian airlines consider that the consumers of their services are in need of specific services so that they are satisfied while they are travelling by flight (Marshall, 2013). It needs to be seen that the companies spend huge amount of money to identify what makes the customers satisfied. There are various factors in the airline industry that makes the people alter their buying decision, or make a purchase. It needs to be identified that the passengers select different types of airlines based on the service that they receive, the socio economic condition of the people and also the purpose for which the people are availing the flight. With the rise in the competition among the various airlines, each one of the company are trying to offer one thing or the other to attract the customers from different nations (Elder, 2015). In Malaysian airlines the people are drawn to the service of the airlines due to several factors like the music, marketing, lighting and advertising. The company seeks to provide the people services that are beyond the expectations of the people. The company has extensive advertising on the various media so as to attract the people to avail the flight in spite the disaster that the company faced when the MH370 and MH17 crashed recently. More over the company provides hospitality services in the airlines where the company has tie ups with the local hospitals so that the people can receive emergency treatments in those hospitals. The cabin staffs of the airlines are very good they take care of the passengers in a highly sophisticated manner and the airlines had received the best award for the cabin crew. Thus these are some of the factors that prompt the customers to stay loyal to the airlines (Maricic, Veljkovic and Djordjevic, 2012). Considering the needs and the wants of the people, the company tries to grab the attention of the people by giving world class services, in the flight. The needs and demands of the people are looked after by the cabin staffs, so that the passengers do not have any complaints while they are traveling. There are certain other services that the company offers on the ground like the Golden Lounge which the people can use, the Kidscorner and the Platinum suites. In the air, the company provides services like the Experience First, the Business the Economy class. New positioning for Malaysian airlines The company can decide to launch a new premium airline regionally. The company can decide to launch a new range of flights that will provide short hauls, like the company introduces the new flights like the new Boeing 737-800 fleet. Given a fresh slate, the new model of the business be able to be planned from the beginning for the sustainable business success with no inertial drag of legacy of the airline models. The comparatively smaller dimension of Boeing 737 means the airline can soar to more destinations where the customers and the people wish for traveling, at times that are convenient to the schedules of the people (Malaysiaairlines.com, 2015). The company also intends to create a management structure separate from the existing one so that the company can concentrate on the distinctive needs of the customer of provincial quality travelers. This innovative airline will set innovative standards for the product and the quality of service, cost efficiency, as well as excellence in operation. It will thus set the outline for the success of the airline. New product development There are a number of airlines that offer Wi-Fi services on board the plane. The internet services on the planes are not a new concept. But the Malaysian airline are yet to install the system, though the onboard Wi-Fi system are slow compared to the terrestrial systems but the lack of the system on board t he Malaysian airlines are a drawback for the company. Even their toughest competitor like the Singapore airlines is into the services, and they are giving the Malaysian airlines tough competition (Annacchino, 2007). So the best product that could be developed is the online Wi-Fi system, which will be beneficial for the company as well as the people. There are several advantages if the company installs the Wi-Fi on the planes. The product can be named as MASconnect The product- the Wi-Fi on the planes is similar to the ones that are installed in the ground. But the services that the onboard wifi provides are not as fast as compared to the services that are the ground wifi provides. The MASconnect will provide the people with the opportunity to serve the internet even 30000 feet above the ground. The wifi will be provided with the air borne mobile connectivity. This facility will make the people use all their mobile phones and other devices which need the internet even while the people are on the air (BOONE, 2012). Advantages of MASconnect- the feature will come with a low cost of $1.95 so that the people can connect and stay in contact with the people on the ground. There are no extra roaming charges that will be applied to the customers as the people will need to pay as the people will pay for it along with their normal roaming charges (Intervistas.com, 2015). The people need to turn on their wifi and browse for the signal on their phones and it will connect once the password is provided. Disadvantages of MASconnect- it is not free and all the people will not be able to use the services and the people have to buy it. More over it will be available for the economic class or the business class and the government segment of the flight, initially. More over there is a disadvantage is that there is chance of data leakage to unauthorized people who try to access it Distribution strategy that the company can use The company can advertise for the product in their regular ads and can use big posters and hoardings to publish the product to the people. The company can use the television and the newspapers also to attract the people to the new feature that the company will install. More people will be attracted to the product as the people are in need of the internet service in all possible places so that they are able to work from any place, be it from 30000 feet above the ground (Business Plan Our Way Forward, 2011). Price and the promotional strategy The price of the product is minimal as the MASconnect will come for $1.95. The price is low as the concept is new and the company wants to test the acceptability of the product among the people. Once the product becomes acceptable in the market and the people like the experience the company will raise the price of the product. The people who wish to avail the services need to pay an additional price of $1.95 to the original price of the tickets. The various promotions that the company can use are to make the people have an experience of the Wi-Fi services for free so that the people are aware of the features that the flight will provide. More over the company can use advertisements in the airports and distribute pamphlets when the people book their flights in person or provide online brochures to the people who will book the ticket via online (Penaloza, Toulouse and Visconti, 2012). There are certain other strategies that the company can adopt that are the direct marketing of the product. The cabin crew can announce about the product when the people are on board that the airline will launch the paid Wi-Fi services for the people. The promotion of the product can be also through the word of mouth as the people will promote the product if they like the services and will tell others about the good services the MASconnect will provide. Targeting the customers The company will target two kinds of customers one is the business executives and the other is the government officials The company will provide the people with the facility of wifi on the plane for the business class and the economy class (Gordon, 2002). The company will target them as they are the people who are in the need of the wifi on the plane as they have work pressures and they would like to avail the airlines which will provide them with the services. More over they will be able to afford the additional cost of the wifi since it will be beneficial for them. More often than not the people are asked to submit the reports to the offices on time (Pooler, 2002). The next target customer of the company is the government officials as because the government of Malaysia is the strategic partner of the Malaysian airlines. The company will provide the services to the people when the people the government organizations will book the flights for the people. Additional elements of the extended marketing mix Malaysia Airlines in order to enhance the customer experience they need to improve customer service that the company provides to the people. In order to provide better service to the people the company needs to look at the needs of the people who are boarding the planes (Kishel and Kishel, 2005). The company needs to provide the people services that are innovative and are liked by the people. The company needs to maintain the 5 star image of the company. There are other changes that the company can adopt that are lower the cost of the tickets so that people of all economic backgrounds can avail the flights. The company should provide distinctive and unique products as compared to the competitors (Kotler, 1964). Service differentiation- the Malaysian Hospitality (MH) that the company provides are unparallel compared to the others in the business. More over the company provides services and has own award like the worlds best cabin staff and the Staff Service Excellence for Asia. These are for the services that the company provides to the general people and the government officials who board the planes (Melewar and Saunders, 2000). International tie-ups and domestic market In the domestic market the company tries to serve the people with the services of the company. The company tries to see that the people are well served so that they remain loyal to the company. In the international market the company is in collaborations with the Air Asia (Malaysiaairlines.com, 2015). It provides seamless associations all through and ensuing in lesser fleetcosts of procurement, ground handling as well as maintenance of costs and the improvements inthe on-time performance of the company as well as improvements in the utilization of asset. Conclusion It can be seen that the airline industry is one of the profitable industries in the world and it is also one of the most challenging. There are three major issues that put threat to this industry they are safety, sustainability and convenience. The Malaysian airlines provide world class flight experience for the people (Penaloza, Toulouse and Visconti, 2012). There are certain factors that lead to the airline being threatened like the competitors in the market and the two back to back damages to the flights. But there is one thing that needs to be kept in mind is that the airline is cheap compared to the other in the area and the airline provides as excellent services to the people on board the flight. The airline will need to incorporate certain changes so that the people overcome the fear and they remain loyal to it. References Annacchino, M. (2007).The pursuit of new product development. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Appannaiah, P., Reddy, D. and Ramanath, H. (2010).Principles Of Marketing. Himalaya Publishing House. Ashrafia, S. (2015).Mini Case Study: Malaysia Airlines. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.adaptivecycle.nl/images/Mini_case_study_MAS.pdf [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. BOONE, L. (2012).Contemporary marketing, 2013 update. [s.l.]: Cengage learning custom p. BOONE, L. (2012).Contemporary marketing, 2013 update. [s.l.]: Cengage learning custom p. Business Plan Our Way Forward. (2011). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://announcements.bursamalaysia.com/edms/edmswebh.nsf/all/482576120041BDAA4825795F0031D170/$File/MAS%20Business%20Plan%202012.pdf [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. Chen, A. (2015).Evaluating Service Marketing in Airline Industry and its Influence on Student Passengers Purchasing Behaviour. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/3248/1/journal_of_travel_and_tourism_marketing2.pdf [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. DR.K.VANITHA, D. (2012). Customer Relationship Management on Customer Satisfaction.IJSR, 3(4), pp.1-3. Dugi-doc.udg.edu, (2015).A SEGMENTATION ANALYSIS AND SEGMENTS PROFILE OF BUDGET AIR TRAVELERS. [online] Available at: https://dugi-doc.udg.edu/bitstream/handle/10256/9125/Segmentation-Analysis.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. Eggermond, M. (2007).Consumer choice behaviour and strategies of air transportation service providers. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.ivt.ethz.ch/docs/students/sa203.pdf [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. Elder, L. (2015). Malaysian Airlines, Neoliberalism and Business as Usual in Malaysia.Asian Journal of Social Science, 43(1-2), pp.23-49. Elder, L. (2015). Malaysian Airlines, Neoliberalism and Business as Usual in Malaysia.Asian Journal of Social Science, 43(1-2), pp.23-49. Factors Affecting Customer Linking Capabilities and Customer Satisfaction in CRM. (2012).International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management, 3(4), pp.16-30. Fine, L. (2009).The SWOT analysis. [S.l.]: Kick It. Gordon, I. (2002).Competitor targeting. Etobicoke, Ont.: J. Wiley Sons. Hill, N., Self, B. and Roche, G. (2002).Customer satisfaction measurement for ISO 9000:2000. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Hundekar, S. (2010).Principles of marketing. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House. Intervistas.com, (2015).InterVISTAS. [online] Available at: https://www.intervistas.com/?portfolio=malaysia-airlines-strategy [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. Kishel, G. and Kishel, P. (2005).How to start, run stay in business. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Kotler, P. (1964). Marketing Mix Decisions for New Products.Journal of Marketing Research, 1(1), p.43. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (1991).Principles of marketing. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lee, E. and Park, C. (2014). Does advertising exposure prior to customer satisfaction survey enhance customer satisfaction ratings?.Mark Lett. Malaysiaairlines.com, (2015).Corporate Info - Our Story - About Us | Malaysia Airlines. [online] Available at: https://www.malaysiaairlines.com/my/en/corporate-info/our_story/about-us.html [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. Maricic, B., Veljkovic, S. and Djordjevic, A. (2012). Customer satisfaction measurement.Marketing, 43(4), pp.235-244. Marshall, M. (2013). International airlines face emissions caps from 2020.New Scientist, 220(2938), p.6. Melewar, T. and Saunders, J. (2000). Global corporate visual identity systems: using an extended marketing mix.European Journal of Marketing, 34(5/6), pp.538-550. Palmer, A. (2000).Principles of marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Penaloza, L., Toulouse, N. and Visconti, L. (2012).Marketing management. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Pooler, J. (2002).Demographic targeting. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. Song Jing, L. (n.d.). CRM Market in Malaysia and the Factors that Affect the Adoption of CRM by Malaysian Companies.SSRN Journal. The Telegraph, (2015). Malaysia Airlines MH370: the black box explained. [online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10726184/Malaysia-Airlines-MH370-the-black-box-explained.html [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. theguardian, (2015). Malaysia Airlines plane MH17 'shot down' in Ukraine - as it happened. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/malaysia-airlines-plane-crashes-ukraine-live [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. Themalaysianinsider.com, (2015).MAS holds spring sale in bid to attract more passengers - The Malaysian Insider. [online] Available at: https://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/mas-holds-spring-sale-in-bid-to-attract-more-passengers [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015].

Family Secrets free essay sample

Every Family Has Its Secrets Locked Away Where No One Else Can See Them In many families there is some sort of dysfunction. In some families it might be abuse while in others it might just be a secret that no one in the family wants to tell. The poem â€Å"Commitments† by Essex Hemphill shows a prime example of the latter situation. This poem is a good example of a secret that the family does not want to tell because it is about the son being gay. It is unclear throughout the poem if the family actually is aware of the son being gay or if they are aware of it and they are covering it up, but either way it is being covered up. In the last few lines of the poem the persona says: â€Å"I am always there for critical emergencies, graduations, the middle of the night. I am the invisible son. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Secrets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the family photos nothing appears out of character. I smile as I serve my duty. † This quote is basically saying that the persona does his duty as son to keep up family appearances, but when he is not needed he leaves again, and when he leaves he goes back to his real life. It seems that this persona gives so much to his family to make them appear to be the â€Å"perfect† family. The persona hides his real life from them to make everything seem â€Å"normal† and when the family does not need him he leaves. It does not seem that the family gives anything back to him, but they could be giving back to him. The persona might have told the he was gay and asked them to keep it a secret, or they may not be giving back to him. The family might not even know he is gay and therefore he is holding in his secret and lying to the family. In that situation, the family would not be giving back because they are not able to give back. In conclusion, every family has its secrets. These secrets may be known throughout the family, or one family member but either way the secrets are covered up may only know them. Families often cover up secrets to keep the appearance of being a happily functioning family. Essex Hemphill’s poem â€Å"Commitments† is a perfect example of the cover-ups that families may experience. References: This poem was not in my book so I wrote it down when we read it in class, therefore I do not have a reference.

Civil Rights Movement essay

Civil Rights Movement essay Civil Rights Movement essay Civil Rights Movement essayThe rise of the Civil Rights movement was closely intertwined with and driven by the growing awareness of African American in their right to stand on the equal ground with white Americans. More important, African Americans realized that they can lead the organized struggle for their rights. As a result, they launched the civil action to gain equal rights and liberties compared to white Americans.The rise and progress of the Civil Rights movement was, to a significant extent, the result of the work of leaders of the African American community, such as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X and others. Martin Luther King has played a particularly important part in the development and overall success of the Civil Rights movement. He initiated and supported sit-ins, marches and other forms of non-violent protests. He promoted the idea of the non-violent struggle because he believed that through drawing the public attention to problems of African Americans, they could ch ange the attitude of the white Americans to racial minorities. In fact, Martin Luther King has proved to be right although the price he paid was too high but his assassination still contributed to the further enhancement of rights and liberties of African Americans due to the public turmoil caused by the crime.However, the provision of African Americans with equal rights and liberties did not lead to the consistent improvement of their position in the US society, at least, in a short-run perspective. Even though equal rights and liberties were what the Civil Rights movement looked for, still legislative changes did not give them equal opportunities, for example in the labor market. As a result, African Americans had to continue their struggle for equal opportunities.

(discussion format ) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

(discussion format ) - Assignment Example Very similarly, many other companies benefit from introducing e-commerce into their business models, even smaller companies that market their products through third-party suites such as e-bay are booming. Thus, the internet can help a company to diversify in two ways: (a) Diversifying customer-base (ex: selling on ebay or on own website through e-commerce solutions) and (b) Diversifying product range (similar to what HP did). Moreover, the internet enables faster communication by the means of VoIP (Skype, IM, Yahoo!) and e-mail, and of course the easy promotion of a business by the means of social networking websites such as twitter or Facebook. Furthermore, websites such as YouTube and Vimeo are just more cheap promotional methods to increase customer base or help in the launch of a new product. Not only that but web 2.0 can also help a company earn more revenues, such as revenues from advertisements on owned website and revenues from selling products from related industries and act ing as an agent.

Strategic Management and International Business at Starbucks Case Study - 46

Strategic Management and International Business at Starbucks - Case Study Example Starbucks should create winning strategies by coming up with a cohesive, energized and happy team, which will create a strong bond with the customers and ensure growth (Enz, 2010; Godin, 2006). It is undoubtedly that corporate success is not a guarantee and the probability of a firm having a long-term success heightens when strategic leaders continue to evaluate the appropriateness of the strategies developed as well as actions that are taken in an effort to implement them. It is obvious that the McDonald’s is a major competitive threat since its coffee drinks are meant to create value to the consumers by giving them high-quality experience at a lower price than that of Starbucks. Therefore, one of the ways in which Starbucks can ensure a competitive advantage is by developing a sound mechanism by which it can combine authority, relative value, and quality. It should have an ideal pricing strategy whereby consumers feel that they are getting a great deal for their money. It also needs to maintain strict and solid quality controls with regard to its coffee sourcing. Starbucks should also spend more time differentiating from its rivals and be up to date with the latest technology to outwit its competitors. It should also continue positioning itself as an authoritative figure, allowing premium prices where necessary. It should aim at improving on its brand and reputation by carrying out a survey on what the customers think of the corporation and ways it can improve (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2010). The decision to fire Donald was appropriate considering that Starbucks was performing poorly against the Nasdaq index for the quarterly financials that preceded his ouster. During his reign, the coffee stock plummeted by 50%; hence, needed a leader who can drive changes such as encouraging international expansion and streamlining the management of the firm.  

Social performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Social performance - Essay Example ce an average of about 3.3 million barrels of oil on a daily basis in addition to its having proven oil reserves estimated to stand at about 17 billion oil barrels. BP is also considered to be among the largest producers of global natural gas producers. Of note is that the production of natural gas by BP plc currently makes up for more than half of the company’s energy production. It is this aspect that has caused the company to become the largest natural gas suppliers and producers in the United States (British Petroleum, 2013). There are a number of BP plc external environment factors that can be able to greatly affect the success of the company. These include factors such as Economic factors and social factors. Economic factors such as interest rates, inflation, economic growth, exchange rates and taxation changes can greatly affect the overall success of BP plc. High interest rates might potentially deter the company from investing in certain regions across the world because it generally costs more to borrow, factors such as inflation might result in the provocation of high wage demands by the company’s employees which will then result in increased cost of production, having a strong currency may potentially cause it to become more difficult for the company to export its produce as it might raise the price in terms of foreign currency. Social factors can also affect the success of BP. Changes in social trends can impact the demand of the company’s products as well as the willingness and availability of individuals to work for the company as employees (Abrams, 2013). Factors such as an increasing aging population can also force BP plc to recruit older employees whose rate of production might be relatively low. BP plc has a number of key stake holders that are found to be crucial in the company’s operations, some of these stake holders include the company employees, its shareholder and analysts as well as various governments and regulators. BP plc.

Huawei Business Model and Organisational Culture

Huawei Business Model and Organisational Culture Introduction The purpose of this report is to use Huawei as the focus of an analysis and compare and contrast business models adopted by other companies that operate within the smartphone industry. The analysis will then include a description on Huawei’s organisational culture and the impact this has on the company’s success. An analysis of Huawei’s relationships with other companies and countries will be done to try and determine how this influences the supply chain and the distribution and logistics strategies. Comparison of business models, market positioning and market development of Huawei and its competitors at home and overseas A firms Business Model (BM) is the articulation of the processes through which resources are leveraged to create and deliver value to stakeholders allowing the firm to generate a profit (Chesbrough,2010). For years the high-end smartphone industry has been dominated by Apple and Samsung with both companies being involved in a worldwide corporate battle since 2010 as Samsung who was back then a supplier to Apple had released a product that was far to similar to the iPhone. For years, these two companies have been battling for superiority within the industry and only focusing on beating each other but however one Chinese phone manufacturer is hoping to battle both companies to be recognised as one of the best. Huawei was previously known for distributing smartphones that were cheap and un-branded but the company is dumping this business model and has re-invented its self to become a globally recognized brand by advancing rapidly into markets worldwide. Huawei has now become the worlds number three smartphone brand and earned itself a 10% global market share (Samsung-23.3% and Apple-14.7%). Innovation of new business models   As the industry is getting more and more intense and populated with smartphones that are constantly improving to be better than their competitors it’s getting more complicated to design a business model that can meet targets and be the dominator of the smartphone industry. The business model is a key indicator of who is going to be at the top of the telecom market and the traditional smartphone business model is facing challenges that have never been dealt with before from issues that the companies have not necessarily had any influence on such as globalization and the important role that internet plays in todays world. Having a successful business model has been key to the rise and success of Huawei, they have even got their own Business Model Innovation Centre (BMIC) which has been praised for analysing current business models from its competitors to see an end result of them bettering themselves as a global organisation. The BMIC develops methodologies and tools to help allow the business innovate there current business model to help the business to continue growth to be multilingual, multicultural and multinational with plenty of recognition in key international markets. With the innovation of the business model, its expected that new opportunities will arise but with threats also emerging from industry competitors it is imperative that the business model can capitalize on these issues to ensure that a well sustained profit is achieved along with having that competitive advantage over its major competitors. Challenges of implementing a successful business model To ensure that these can be overcome as quickly and as safely as possible there are numerous challenges that must be overcome, including: Revenue enhancement through differentiated user experienceBusiness model innovation that supports/monetizes new servicesCost structure optimization for sustained profitabilityTransaction model adaptation that improves financialsParticipation in emerging disruptors such as cloud computingHuawei’s role is to help clients understand how and when to do these things so that time-to-market and commercial risk are minimized. In recent years Huawei has worked hard to establish itself as the undisputed number one smartphone brand in China and part of their business model has been to establish themselves within other markets. Huawei has advanced aggressively into other markets and focused mainly on boosting brand awareness and increasing sales especially in Europe. Global recognition   In Europe, the company is growing at an unprecedented rate due to the company releasing better quality products and re-inventing the brands image with high end marketing campaigns. In particular, Europeans have been receptive of Huawei and are ditching previous mentality of either getting the latest iPhone or Samsung and open to trying new technology released by Huawei. Around half of Huawei’s 100+million phone sales and 65% of the company’s revenue in 2016 was generated from markets outside of its home country, China. Huawei saw an increase in market share as its popularity rapidly rose in countries such as Germany, Italy and Spain. The rise of Huawei has stifled the iPhones momentum in China and is now being recognised as the worlds third largest smartphone make in 2016. For Huawei to continue this rise they have to continue to pursue a business model that can allow them to compete with Apple and Samsung. Adaptation of new business models When you look at the rise of the Huawei it’s clear that the success has come from adopting new business models to fit current market trends and to ensure that they remain competitive towards its competitors. The adaptation and change for its business models over the years has ensured that it remains a dark horse in the smartphone industry. Many years ago, Huawei was known for selling ‘cheap and cheerful’ products, which were renowned to not last very long. As a company, Huawei has invested millions in R&D to help them pursue better approaches to the industry and to try and get the company renowned as one of the best. As you can see from the image below the amount of units that Huawei now sells compared to back in 2013 is a substantial improvement, which can effectively be down to several improvements it has made as a company over the period of 3 years. The willingness of adapting and changing its ideas to fit and match companies such as Apple and Samsung will be a major factor of its success. Huawei’s organisational culture Huawei has a sharp vision, a vision to enrich life through communication. It focuses on its customers’ challenges and needs and strives to create maximum value through excellent service (Huawei, 2013) The rise and success of Huawei has been brilliant and the visionary founder Ren Zhengfei who started the company when he had no money and no connections within the technology industry. He has been praised for implementing and sustaining a culture that thrives Huawei’s employees in day-to-day business and its this mentality that is continuously praised but has had some implications in the past. Back in 2008 once of Huawei’s employees jumped to his death in the company’s headquarters and was the sixth employee to have committed suicide with the same mysterious circumstances. It has been blamed on Huawei’s aggressive and ruthless corporate culture of adopting the ‘wolf-culture’, which is explained below. In most top companies today, they rely strongly on continuing the culture of the organization, which can often relate to beliefs and values which were originally set out when the company was first generated. For Huawei these factors have determin ed the success of company and it has been stated that this also differentiates them from other market leaders such as Apple and Samsung. ‘Wolf-Culture The main organisational culture of Huawei, which sets out its key values, beliefs and attitudes, which is followed by all of its organisational members, is known as ‘wolf-culture’, this has three main characters, which are defined as: Character 1 Wolves are bloodthirsty, employees of the company are extremely sensitive to information related to its main competitors and any changed within the market itself and they could respond promptly and adapt to any changes to ensure they remain successful. Character 2- Wolves are resistant to coldness, the fearlessness of difficulties that may rise and eagerness of making progress are insisted to every member of Huawei no matter how complicated the challenge may be.Character 3- Taking actions in teams, The atmosphere of team cooperation is particularly strong in Huawei and people are encouraged to develop and share personal opinions with each other (laoyzy, 2011). The ‘wolf-culture’ brings Huawei a high level of keen insight about the unsteady market and assists the company to quickly react to any existing opportunities. As a result, Huawei could expand its business volume about approximately twenty percent every year (Heissougly, 2010). Huawei vision, mission and core values Vision To enrich life through communication. Mission To focus on our customers’ market challenges and needs by providing excellent communications network solutions and services in order to consistently create maximum value for customers. Core Values To put the customers firstDedication Continuous ImprovementsOpenness and initiativeIntegrityTeamwork Huawei’s relationships and partnerships in host countries Huawei is the only Chinese company out of 91 mainland Chinese companies listed on the Fortune Global 500 list, which earns more revenue abroad than in China. Huawei’s revenue from overseas markets exceeded that from the Chinese market for the first time in 2005. For the company this is a massive achievement and a step towards being recognised as the leading smartphone provider. Marketing Campaigns In recent years Huawei has witnessed itself becoming increasingly popular out of China and seen a dramatic rise in its European sales, this surge in sales was initiated by the improvement in product quality and the high profile advertising campaigns it has created. Promotions for Huawei newest products are being advertised in several cities across Europe, some campaigns are: Covering the trams of RotterdamThey have opened a flagship store in a prominent location at downtown BrusselsGigantic Banners in Berlin and Lodz (Poland)In the city centre of Warsaw looks like an advertising convention and Huawei is the guest of honour This successful campaign across European cities has also seen the company sponsor major European football teams such as Arsenal, AC Milan and Paris Saint-Germain. Huawei is not messing about when it comes to marketing, they are figuring out what can generate the most attention and ensuring that they get the brand more recognition as being one of the top smartphone providers. These campaigns across Europe is just a fraction of what they are actually doing, they are also recruiting European athletes such as Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski to be brand ambassadors along other entertainment stars such as Scarlett Johansson to endorse its high-end products. Europe has become Huawei’s most successful overseas territory and they have overtaken Apple and became the world’s second largest smartphone maker by shipment in several countries including Finland, Italy, Poland and Spain. It has ranked number three in Germany and number four in France, (Canalys, 2016). One of the mai n factors that has influenced Huawei’s presence in Europe is its relationship with local phone carriers. Before they started, selling phones Huawei were building telecom stations for European carriers such as Orange in France and Elisa Oyj in Finland. After previously building a successful relationship with already, well established businesses it has allowed Huawei a quick market entry and allowed them to spend its marketing budget on the best display positions inside local retailers, (Jeronimo, 2016). Retaining a strong relationship with previous clients has obviously benefited the company in establishing the brand outside of China but there are bigger problems that the company has been encountering. Although it is a huge success Huawei, starting to be recognised on a global scale but the company hasn’t got much closer to its end goal of profitability due to the fact shipment of all the high-end products still remains limited. The rise of Huawei does deserve praise wh en you look at how far they come, when comparing the amount of products its shipped with Apple and Samsung its still only a fraction of what there figures are. In the first half of 2016 Huawei only shipped 3.6 million smartphones priced higher than $600. When comparing this statistic with Apples 77.8 million and Samsung’s 31.6 million it just shows that there is still a lot of work needed to be done. Political Uncertainty The main factor that is restricting Huawei from achieving figures as high as its competitors is the fact that its unable to replicate its European strategy in the US. Reasons for this is that is doesn’t have a strong relationship with any of the ‘big four’ phone carriers in the US (Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile and Sprint). The US is a market where phone carriers dominate smartphone sales and without the support of the industry dominators, it has and will continue to make Huawei’s US ambitions a failure. In 2012, a congressional report was made stating that Huawei’s hardware could be used by the Chinese government for spying purposes. This is an allegation that the company continues to deny but with anti-china talks often occurring under the Trump administration this is likely going to continue as a threat for the company. For now, Huawei has to carry on with a less effective strategy in the US of selling phone through lesser known carriers and online stores such as Amazon. Last year Huawei was nowhere near the top five smartphone makers in the US as it only shipped 1.4 million units (Canalys ,2016). This figure alone proves to Huawei that not enough is being done in the biggest market in the world but with allegations being made politically, does not give them much confidence and belief that the issue can be rectified any time soon. Huawei’s supply chain, distribution and logistics strategies A strong and reliable supply chain is essential to the survival of any company, for Huawei it is essential that they can rely on all stakeholders within the supply chain as this enables them to ship products all over the world once they have been manufactured. When it comes to logistics Huawei’s strategy has been to adopt the asset-light strategy which allows them not worry about any large expenditure costs to purchase any large fleet of transport themselves, they will instead use courier companies to ship products all over the world. Huawei’s CEO has previously mentioned that they are hoping to work with suppliers all over the world to help build a business ecosystem in which all stakeholders can all create value to share the risks involved and to enjoy the benefits that the success of working with each other will hopefully bring. Huawei believe that working closely with their suppliers is essential to building that competitive edge and this can help them achieve the positive results needed. With the increase of popularity of smartphones it has led to companies like Huawei to change the strategy in which these phones are distributed. The most common source of distribution has previously been phone carriers distributing the phone them selling it with a monthly payment plan requiring users to sign a fixed contract during a fixed duration. Due to the popularity of companies like Amazon, Tesco and Ebay this has given smartphone companies another platform to advertise and sell its products and gives millions of sales each year. It is imperative for companies like Huawei to keep up to date with key trends that are trending in different markets that it’s operating in. In emerging markets such as Russia and Africa it is common for consumers to purchase just the phone and not fixed to any contract with any phone carrier, however, in Europe and the US it is getting increasingly popular to purchase the phone on a fixed contract basis. When it comes to distribution since 2012 Huawei has been pushing to be active in as many distribution channels and using the UK as an example it has succeeded in doing this. In doing so Huawei sets out clear guidelines to its suppliers and distributors that it expects them to follow. One of the main factors that it sets out is to pursue a sustainable approach. Sustainability is part of Huawei’s procurement strategy and to be eligible to be part of Huawei’s supply chain they insist that all members must comply with applicable laws and regulations set out in Huawei’s supplier sustainability agreement. They use this agreement to continuously drive supplier improvements and to monitor and control any risks that are can occur. Managing risk   All these factors enabled Huawei to minimize supply risks, increase customer satisfaction, and boost the competitiveness of the supply chain. To help the company ensure that all companies are complying with this agreement they risk rank and audit each company. Each year they will conduct an audit for suppliers which represents around 90% of their procurement spending and assign a priority level of high, medium or low. The factors, which determine which level is given, are: Supplier locationProduct/material manufacturingSustainability performanceRisk management systemsEnvironmental risks Once this audit has been conducted, it then allows Huawei to manage the performance of everyone involved in its supply chain and they will do this annually and audit the results and any improvements that can be made. Performance appraisals are in place to determine the reliability and performance for Huawei’s suppliers and then this allows them to determine who they need to offer improvement to and who needs to be praised for the continued hard-work and loyalty given to the company. The appraisal cover a few different factors: LabourHealth and safetyImpact it has on the environment (sustainability)Business ethicsManagement systems In the event of a new supplier being added to the supply chain, Huawei has a qualification process the company must pass to enable them to become business partners. This process will examine the supplier’s capacity and their compliance with applicable laws and regulations set out in their own supplier sustainability Agreement. To ensure that all suppliers comply with the sustainability agreement they provide training and coaching that is necessary and they also encourage them to include sustainability into their business models and strategies. They do this as they view sustainability as a key to reduce business risks and to perform operations more efficiently. Prohibition of ‘conflict minerals’ As sustainability is the main focus of Huawei’s supply chain another focus of theirs is that companies must have good business ethics so they prohibit the use of ‘conflict minerals’. This refers to minerals that are sold to finance ongoing-armed conflicts in which the countries are mined or smelted. This is a common occurrence in Africa. The problem of this is making not just Huawei but other smartphone providers more aware of the issue and the US and Europe have just passed new laws to help deal with the issue and prevent the armed militias from making an come from top companies. This is not necessarily just associated with smartphone providers but the issue is a complex one that will be resolved through an organised global commitment and close cooperation between businesses and governments. All these factors will contribute to a successful and sustainable supply chain. It is also imperative that Huawei stays in a close partnership with other businesses in the sa me industry; this will allow them all to address problems that the companies may be facing or to rectify any problems that can occur. In a nutshell, collaboration allows us to combine strengths and gain advantage to boost industry competitiveness (Huawei, 2016). References Anon, (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/corporate-culture-nuclear-bomb-huawei-eric-flamholtz [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. China Labour Bulletin. (2018).  Is corporate â€Å"wolf-culture† devouring China’s over-worked employees?. [online] Available at: http://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/corporate-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93wolf-culture%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C2%9D-devouring-china%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s-over-worked-employees [Accessed 20 Dec. 2017]. Europeanbusinessreview.com. (2018).  Leadership Innovation: Huawei’s rotating CEO system | The European Business Review. [online] Available at: Leadership Innovation: Huawei’s rotating CEO system [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Forbes.com. (2018).  Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ywang/2017/09/11/huaweis-smartphone-market-share-is-growing-fast-but-it-needs-to-break-the-u-s-market-and-soon/#30724b534333 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Harvard Business Review. (2018).  Huawei’s Culture Is the Key to Its Success. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2015/06/huaweis-culture-is-the-key-to-its-success [Accessed 17 Dec. 2018]. Harvard Business Review. (2018).  Huawei’s Culture Is the Key to Its Success. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2015/06/huaweis-culture-is-the-key-to-its-success [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. huawei. (2018).  Supply Chain Management. [online] Available at: http://www.huawei.com/en/sustainability/win-win-development/develop_supplychain [Accessed 21 Dec. 2017]. HUAWEI. (2018).  Our Culture. [online] Available at: https://huaweico.wordpress.com/our-culture/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Jite.org. (2018).  Cite a Website Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: http://www.jite.org/documents/DCVol03/v03-01-Huawei.pdf [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Majumdar, N. (2018).  In Numbers – The Rise of Huawei. [online] Emberify Blog. Available at: http://emberify.com/blog/in-numbers-the-rise-of-huawei/ [Accessed 21 Dec. 2017]. Smallbusiness.chron.com. (2018).  The Importance of Culture in Organizations. [online] Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-culture-organizations-22203.html [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Study.com. (2018).  What is Organizational Culture? Definition & Characteristics Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. [online] Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-organizational-culture-definition-characteristics.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2017].

Economics: Turn Around Is Fair Game :: essays research papers

Economics: Turn Around is Fair Game   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America's size and prosperity have made it the largest consumer of imported products in the world. Brightly lit shopping malls adorned with the latest foreign-made apparel, gadgets and trinkets, testify to the vast selection of goods available for purchase. There is a dark side to this enormous quantity of choices: a hefty price tag - the federal deficit. Unfair trade agreements, and, predatory pricing strategies and practices from abroad, placed those goods on the store's shelves. The United States Trade Representative (USTR), who is directly responsible to the President and Congress for trade negotiations; is forecasting a two hundred billion-dollar trade deficit for fiscal year 1996. The American people must demand reciprocal trade agreements for overseas business competitors. Complimentary trading would; put an end to subsidized dumping, curb the loss of manufacturing jobs, and, tear down the barriers associated with free trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The practice of selling items at a price less than what it costs to make them is called dumping. Foreign governments subsidize the manufacturing processes of certain industries so their companies can displace the competition's industry. The television industry is a perfect example of subsidized dumping. The post World War II infusion of subsidized Japanese-made televisions, terminated the United States(U.S.) television manufacturing industry. In the late 1950's, half a million units crossed our borders, tax and tariff free. These television sets were made using cheaper components and cheaper labor. However, the cost of transportation, which would normally escalate each individual price, was paid for by the Japanese government. The pioneering inventors of the electronic marvel were forced out. No longer able to compete by meeting rapidly declining prices, companies had to stop production, liquidate all available assets, and release their entire work force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unemployment figures for 1996 are predicted to be at seven percent (USTR, 1996.) This equates to nearly twenty million skilled American workers without jobs. The math is simple; imports cost an economy jobs, exports produce jobs. Reciprocal trading contracts would definitely curb the exponential loss of manufacturing jobs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trade barriers are the largest problems facing American companies in overseas markets. The obstructions are sometimes overt, sometimes hidden and usually extremely complex. Deals are covertly impeded with complicated licensing and import procedures. Regulations concerning special specification standards and testing of American goods are hurdles deliberately enacted to block fair trade. If foreign governments were mandated to treat American businesses the same way native companies were treated, free commerce would truly be achieved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S. has used an arsenal of tools to try to mitigate unfair trade practices and enhance U.S. access to overseas markets. These include: Section 301 of the 1974 Trade Act - Section 301 serves as the flagship of the

Labor Relations Hw

In my opinion, the employer now has learned what kind of discrepancies can occur and modify the security issues regarding the remaining medications. Any discrepancies occurred after a â€Å"Just† modification of the rules shall be applied strictly as Intended by the employer. 2. Explain why the relevant provisions of the collective bargaining agreement as applied to the facts of this case dictate the award. I think that it is very natural and obvious that the employer, who is in charge of his company, wants to charge someone of any discrepancy occurred inside his mandarins.Even if there is no exact proof existing, the employer believes that each supervisor must be responsible for their actions and be willing to accept the consequences that come from their own subdivision's control. For example, let's say there was a small bug Inside a potato chip bag. The bug could have got Inside the bag In any process during which the potato chip was being made, but the employer must decide one of the suspicious departments for the discrepancy. Let's say that the employer fired the supervisor of the final packaging vision.Even though all packaging is done by machines and the only daily duty of the packaging division is to identify wrong-packaged bags, the employer has made a decision. If there was a fluoroscopic machine that makes it possible to see inside every bag, then things would have resulted differently, but there wasn't one and the packaging supervisor was fired due to â€Å"irresponsibility. † This example explained above would be a similar example to why the relevant provisions of the collective bargaining agreement as applied to the facts of he previous case dictate the award. . What actions might the employer or the union has taken to avoid this conflict? I en employer malign nave set up a more strict policy Walt personnel controlling Ana accessing the medications. The total number of keys and a reliable sign-in/out system will be installed. Personne l granted access to the remaining medication will surely receive a proper orientation and training before accessing it. Also, to clarify the unjust â€Å"Just cause† standard, a very detailed warning and penalty will be posted to those committing any discrepancy.

A Cultural Study Of Childbirth In Rural Mexico Essays - Midwifery

A Cultural Study Of Childbirth In Rural Mexico Essays - Midwifery A Cultural Study of Childbirth in Rural Mexico Outline I. make up of a typical home A. living arrangements B. layout of the home II. starting a family A. new home B. becoming pregnant III. child birth A. midwife B. birth setting C. prenatal care D. birth of the child E. postpartum IV. conclusions The rural Mexican culture is made up of many small towns and villages. The social connections among adults in theses areas are relatively intimate because many of these areas are endoga mous communities. Most newly married couples live with the man's parents until they are financially stable enough to purchase land of their own to build on. Though it is less common the couple may decide to live with the wife's parents if the mother and daughter-in-law don't get along (Kay, 1991, p. 367). A typical mexican home or compound as they are commonly called. Consists of the family's private living space, which is likely to be set back from the road. Generally the compound is enclosed by a stone wall and contains several structures. There is the main house which might be a modern type, built of stone and have a metal roof, or the traditional wattle and daub walls with a steep palm-thatched roof. Either way, it is likely to be a one-room house. The traditional house is oval, has a floor of pressed dirt or tile, and two doors but no windows. Inside the windowless house, daylight filters in though the palm thatching. At night a single electric bulb provides light. Also at night, several hammocks are let down from the rafters and the house serves as the family's sleeping quarters. In every compound there is also a separate cooking hut with an open fire. Near the well there will be a raised trough covered, by a palm-thatched roof, for the daily clothes-washing. ! Sometimes there is a small bath house built of sticks interwoven with palm leaves, in which house hold members take their daily baths. The most striking thing about life in the compound is the extent to which various activities inter mingle. The whole compound constitutes an extended living area where there is little or no individual private space (Spielman, 1993). Typically rural mexicans believe that conceptions occurs immediately after a menstrual period. This idea is based on the notion that the uterus opens to release the blood that has been dripping in during the preceding weeks. After the menstrual flow has stopped the uterus is believed to remain open, it is during this time that women it most likely for them to get pregnant (Jordan, 1993, p. 18). Pregnancies are almost exclusively dealt with by midwifes. The first prenatal visit is somewhat special. At this time the pregnant woman and the midwife determine the probable date of birth: nine calendar months from the day following the completion of the woman's last menstrual period. Massage is an integral part of the midwifes skills. If the midwife has determined, in the course of the massage, that the baby is in a breech or trans verse position, she will do an inversion. She locates the baby's head and hip and by applying strong, even pressure to these parts, shifts the baby's body into the more favorable head-down position. The procedure is sometimes painful but since the alternative is a Caesarean section in the capital, the women much prefer to tolerate a few minutes of discomfort. The midwife will do a version as often as necessary from the eight month on, up to the time of birth. She attempts to avoid a breech birth if at all possible and is an expert at tur! ning the baby even when the woman is in labor, as long as the breech is not yet engaged (Jordan, 1993, pp. 21-22). Birth generally takes place in the home but for the birth of a first child it may take place in the mother's parent's home. After the onset of labor women continue doing house hold tasks until the labor intensifies to the point that it is no longer possible to finish what they are doing (Jordan, 1993, pp. 23-24). The father of the child is expected to be present

The eNotes Blog Reading Round-Up February

Reading Round-Up February We asked everyone in the office to talk about their favorite books from the last month. Take a look at our favorite reads from February, and let us know in the comments which books you’ll be adding to your to-read list. From nonfiction to comedy to graphic novel, there’s something for everyone here! A Higher Loyalty: Truth, Lies, and Leadership by James Comey Page count: 290 Genre: Nonfiction; Politics Publish date: 2018 I was surprised at how much I enjoyed A Higher Loyalty. In it, James Comey talks about how he worked his way up the ladder in the Department of Justice, becoming FBI Director after Robert Mueller and ultimately getting fired by President Donald J. Trump. As of this blog post, that firing is part of an active obstruction-of-justice investigation. In a time in which ethical leadership seems to be going extinct, this is a must-read. Whether Comey was standing up to Dick Cheney, Donald Trump, mafia bosses, or even Martha Stewart fans against her 2002 arrest, he was always guided by his moral compass. He emphasizes his respect for the rule of law, truth, and justice, and he discusses how he injected those values into every aspect of his career and personal life. If youre a manager, team captain, or just someone in search of another person who believes in honest-to-goodness justice, humanity, and leadership, give this a read- I think youll be surprised. - Samantha, Head of Marketing Chasing the Scream: the First and Last Days of the War on Drugs by Johann Hari Page count: 400 Genre: Nonfiction; History Publish date: 2015 Chasing the Scream takes a journalistic look into the history of the â€Å"war on drugs,† beginning long before Richard Nixon coined the phrase or the Reagans told us to â€Å"just say no.† Exploring American drug policy and its selective (read: racially-biased) enforcement, Hari traces this story back to Henry Anslinger, the first director of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics ; Arnold Rothstein, New York mobster and kingpin; and the tragic biography of Billie Holiday, her upbringing, and her lifelong struggle with addiction. Hari traces those origins to ongoing issues in drug policy, enforcement, and punishment in the United States, comparing it to international addiction rehabilitation support services. To those who consider non-fiction too dense or dry: this is a perfect blend of journalism, history, and politics with dramatic narrative style. I recommend Chasing the Scream to anyone who wants a glimpse into a historically and currently contentious topic as well as an all-around captivating read. - Sophie, Editorial Intern Freedom by Jonathan Franzen Page count: 562 Genre: Fiction Publish date: 2010 This February, I read Freedom by Jonathan Franzen. The novel follows several members of the Berglund family: Walter, Patty, and their two children, Joey and Jessica. It also follows some of the family members’ friends and significant others, such as Richard (Walters best friend from college) and Connie (Joeys on-again, off-again girlfriend). Franzens writing style in this novel is gorgeous, and the structure of the book jumps from character to character, allowing the reader to develop a deep sense of who each family member is. Franzen explores the dysfunction of the family and their various fallings-out with one another. His exploration of each character is unflinchingly honest about their flaws and sincerely empathetic to them- a rare combination. I loved this story because it was never overwhelmingly optimistic or pessimistic; rather, it was an authentic portrayal of familial life, in which the characters both loved and hurt each other. - Anna, Editorial Intern Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard Page count: 288 Genre: Nonfiction Publish date: 1974 This February, I read Annie Dillard’s Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, a Pulitzer-prize winning work of creative nonfiction that is required reading for any nature enthusiast. Dillard’s narrative is told in first person and follows her explorations and observations during a year at Tinker Creek, outside of Roanoke, Virginia. It’s similar to Thoreau’s Walden in structure and purpose, although Dillard’s work is more thought-provoking and genuine. At times challenging, at times enrapturing, Tinker Creek provides fascinating details on the flora and fauna of the area and explores what it means to be self-aware in a chaotic, wonderful world. - Wes, Managing Editor The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger Page count: 277 Genre: Fiction Publish date: 1951 This month, I read J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. I’d heard the title tossed around enough that I knew it was a book I should probably read sometime in my life. I didn’t enjoy the writing, and it was not a pleasant read, which I attribute to Holden’s repetitive style of narrating and his general untrustworthiness. That being said, I loved the puzzle. It’s thanks to our book club that I felt I had the ability to read between the lines and discern exactly what was going on with Holden Caulfield. On the surface, the story seemed to follow a troublesome kid who was too hypocritical to ever be able to create meaningful relationships. But beneath that, The Catcher in the Rye is a heartbreaking tale about an undiagnosed, depressed teen who didn’t have the resources to heal from his own trauma. - Kate, Marketing Coordinator American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang Page count: 240 Genre: Graphic Novel; YA Publish date: 2006 This month, I read American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang. As a daughter of immigrants, I connected to American Born Chinese on a personal level. It starts with three separate tales and tackles the different kinds of racism, insecurity, and shame people of color (specifically Asians) deal with in the United States. These three stories show that no matter how subtle racism is, it can affect and stick with the person. Yang reveals these lessons through wonderfully colored and illustrated comic strips, inviting anyone and everyone to read it. - June, Designer The Ocean, the Bird, and the Scholar by Helen Vendler Page count: 464 Genre: Poetry; Essays Publish date: 2015 Recently, Ive been reading Helen Vendlers The Ocean, the Bird, and the Scholar, a collection of critical essays about poetry. In each essay, Vendler adeptly guides us into the depths of a single poem or reveals the rich, surprising connections among several poems. Though she attends to authors biographies and historical contexts, she is chiefly interested in poetic form. Matters of syntax, rhythm, address, and allusion fascinate Vendler, and she succeeds in conveying her fascinations and insights through elegant prose. I recommend this collection to anyone who wants to roll up their sleeves and read some poetry alongside a master critic. - Zack, Editor Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Page count: 144 Genre: Plays Publish date: 1949 Working in theater really cuts down on time for anything that isn’t working in theater. It also leads to deep, intimate familiarity with a single text. Over the last month, I’ve read Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman at least twenty times, for detail and for prop tracking and for cue placement and for theme. There’s something reassuring in Willy Loman’s scattered bluster and self-deception; in Biff’s forced self-discovery, necessitated by a young adulthood spent as a combination of Brock Turner and Brett Kavanaugh; in Hap’s tragically empty womanizing. Sure, the destructive powers of toxic masculinity might have made it only recently to the forefront of the cultural conversation, but they’ve been known and recorded for a long time. Hopefully, it means we’re closer than we think to some change. - Caitlin, Associate Editor Changing My Mind by Zadie Smith Page count: 320 Genre: Nonfiction; Essays Publish date: 2009 This February, I read Zadie Smith’s Changing My Mind, a book of essays full of wit, humor, and insight. From writing about her travels in Liberia to the Oscars, from Kafka to Zora Neale Hurston, from her father’s terminal illness to their shared love of British comedy, her essays range in personal, cultural, cinematic, and theoretical focuses. One of my favorite essays, â€Å"Speaking In Tongues,† adapted from one of her lectures, delves into race and dialect and investigates how much we reveal about ourselves- from just the very words that leave our mouths. The first seven essays are crucial for aspiring writers. In fact, the entire book is crucial for any avid reader looking to read great prose from a sharp and thoughtful novelist. - Marianne, Editorial Intern There Should Be Flowers by Joshua Jennifer Espinoza Page count: 100 Genre: Poetry; LGBTQ+ Publish date: 2016 This New Year’s, I resolved to incorporate poetry back into my reading life, and I’m so glad I did- otherwise I might have missed Joshua Jennifer Espinoza’s gut-wrenchingly beautiful collection There Should Be Flowers. These poems seared into my skin like the Inland Empire heat that pervades the book’s atmosphere and made me think of a line by Emily Dickinson: â€Å"If I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off, I know that is poetry.† There Should Be Flowers took the top of my head off, blessedly let some of the pressure out, and let in a sense of gratitude for sheer survival. I can’t wait for the re-release of her relatably titled debut collection, i’m alive / it hurts / i love it. - Jules, Editor You Know You Want This by Kristen Roupenian Page count: 240 Genre: Fiction; Short Story Collection Publish date: 2019 After reading Kristen Roupenian’s viral sensation, â€Å"Cat Person,† I had high expectations for her debut short-story collection. There are only a few stories from this collection that I’d recommend reading: â€Å"The Good Guy† and â€Å"Matchbox Sign.† I think Roupenian’s voice is refreshingly bold and has the ability to convey relatable, often disturbing, truths of a shared female experience. However, I felt that the voice that I was captivated by in â€Å"Cat Person† did not shine through the majority of works in this collection. Im trying to acknowledge that producing a debut collection surrounded by so much hype may be destined to disappoint, but the beauty of these short stories is that theyre quick to read and dont necessarily have to be read as part of the collection. I think that You Know You Want This has some gems, but youll have sift through several pages to find them. Alternatively, you could wait and see what HBO does w ith this collection, since they’re currently adapting the short story collection into a new series.    - Savannah, Social Media Manager

Intro to business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Intro to business - Assignment Example Secondly, the difference between home and workplace environment loses meaning among the individuals working from home. This is contrary to the expectations of many employees who yearn to go home from work since they associate home with some degree of enjoyment of the free time. As a result, employees working from home will integrate their working hours with other activities normally done during free time like answering the personal emails; hence, boundary on time is a factor that is challenging for an employee working from home. Thirdly, home environment is prone to destructions when compared to an environment where strict supervision is mandatory. As a result, production levels for employees working from home may be a considerable challenge due to such distractions like phone calls, family demands or any other thing or person sharing the same home space. Treating home as a professional environment will thus decrease the production. Fourthly, the isolation that comes with working from home denies the employee socialization and camaraderie. There is a lot of solitude at home environment; this is challenging to employees who may be social. Many employees face challenges of striking a balance between their careers and personal life, especially when working from home. This can be addressed through proper management of time where tasks are organized efficiently, and actions required for both work and home should be fulfilled with the realistic expectations. Prioritization of tasks is essential, and time is estimated for every task. However, scheduling for the personal events is crucial for the welfare of the family. This ensures that a balance is reached between your work and the family requirements. From the tasks filed, a home professional should ensure the accomplishment of tasks within the stipulated time. This distinguishes the time allocated for home life with that allocated for professional work. A constant evaluation may be critical to ensure

Four Forces of Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Four Forces of Evolution - Essay Example It is worth denoting that the four forces often correspond to changes in the frequencies of allele, genetic drift, natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic hitchhiking. Natural selection focuses on the evolution of species. It is denoted that specie is a fundamental unit of biological categorization and a taxonomic position. This is one of the fundamental grounds of evolutionary theory. Natural selection attempts to highlight dissimilarities in characteristics among species such as coloring. The major premise of natural selection is that a trait that allows a person to survive in an environment usually triumphs. Natural selection happens after the meeting of reproduction, variation in offspring numbers per person, variations in the physical attributes, and heredity condition (Ruse and Joseph 136). Variation within the evolutionary world focuses on the distinctive characteristics that define organisms, as well as their actions. Mutation is a significant variation source, and work as an evolution mechanism when there are contrasting probabilities at the level of molecules for varied mutations to happen. This procedure is regarded as mutation bias. Supposing two genotypes, one having nucleotide G and the other with nucleotide A within a similar position possess similar fitness, even though the mutation from G-A occurs more frequently compared to the mutation from A-G, then genotypes within A will evolve. Deletion mutation and different insertion biases within contrasting taxa can result to the evolution of dissimilar genome sizes. Mutational or developmental biases were also observed under morphological evolution (Ruse and Joseph 154). Genetic drift signifies alterations within the frequencies of alleles from a generation to the subsequent due to subjecting alleles to sampling errors. Accordingly, when the selective forces are relatively weak or

Moral Courage Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Moral Courage - Article Example By exposing the scam, Luy actually risked his life and was allegedly previously held in detention when his cousin suspected that he was already on the verge of exposing the scam. It was eventually revealed that there are apparent links to members of the Congress, who allegedly are using these funds for their own personal interests, with Janet Lim Napoles devising bogus non-government institutions are apparent recipients of the funds (Wenceslao, 2013). As a result, the alleged perpetuator of the scam, Janet Lim Napoles, is currently being held in trial and incarcerated to determine the veracity of the allegations and to pinpoint other cohorts who could have been instrumental in designing the scam. The person, Benhur Luy, is therefore commended for his moral courage in his decision to expose the scam. Despite the fact that it was his cousin who apparently headed the scrupulous transactions, in possible cohorts with some lawmakers, Benhur Luy had decided to reveal the long-time secret. According to the report, â€Å"Benhur Luy said he worked with Janet Lim-Napoles for ten years, from 2002 to 2012. He was therefore in a position to describe the rise of the Napoles PDAF scam ‘business empire’† (Wenceslao, 2013, par. 10). The scam was reportedly described as follows: â€Å"Napoles wheeling and dealing with lawmakers and government bureaucrats (the roles reversed later, with lawmakers wheeling and dealing with Napoles); Luy and other members of Napoles’s staff preparing bogus papers for bogus non-government organizations and ghost beneficiaries and forging signatures; people’s money exchanging hands† (Wenceslao, 2013, par. 8). What was disturbing actually, was the fact that it took such a long time, ten years, before Benhur Luy was able to gather that much moral courage to expose the graft and corruption that had existed and had been perpetuated by his cousin, and including him. The person should have been able to expose the scam at an

Conflict Resolution Styles in Organizational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Conflict Resolution Styles in Organizational Behaviour Essay Conflict is a process that every one of us has experienced throughout our lifes. There are various definitions of conflicts as described by different authors but generally, conflict is a process whereby one individual’s interests is opposed or negatively affected by the other party (McShane et al. 2010). Workplace and organisational conflicts are usually more complex. Isenhart and Spangle (2000) points out that at the beginning the conflict may start because of improper placement of workers and their responsibilities in a workplace, but it may get worse if they faces unfair rules, ineffective management, unclear responsibilities or too much work assigned. Organisational conflicts can result in many possible outcomes, the negatives ones such as damaged employee relations, violence, increased tension between bosses and employees but it can have positive outcomes too such as increased employee-cohesiveness and increased motivation. How it will be achieved will be discussed through the elements of conflict and will be listed in greater details. Ways in which people approach conflict Avoiding Avoiding is probably the fastest way of resolving a conflict but at the same time it is not the best way because most of the time the avoider will remain unhappy even after the conflict. It does not permanently resolve the conflict (McShane et al. 2010) and in my opinion it is just ‘postponing’ the problem to have it solved at a later date. McCollum et al. (2009) states that the person who is avoiding thinks that confronting the conflict will bring more trouble than it is worth. The avoider also decides to not deal with the conflict because he or she might not have the confidence to do so. This seems like the more popular choice amongst the five ways in which people approach conflict based on my experiences because people simply do not want unnecessary trouble or aggravate the problem, especially if it is a minor issue. Avoiding pays no attention in concerns of either self or others (Kotthoff Spencer-Oatey 2008). This is the least-sought option amongst the five approach es but however, McCollum et al. (2009) suggests that avoiding can be a tactical approach when the other party has more strength and authority over you; and/or the avoiding the conflict will bring little or no devastating consequences. Problem-Solving I deemed this to be the most effective way in resolving organisational conflicts because both parties will benefit if they manage to find a double-win solution to the problem. This is considered to be the most desirable approach to conflict as there are no negative impacts at all. Only positive results will surface. Runde Flanagan (2009) suggests that there might be a link between avoiding and problem-solving. Because many people tend towards avoidance, they often rush through problem solving and immediately use the first solution that they can think of so as to quickly get over the conflict, without any beneficial solutions. The key in using problem-solving as an approach to resolve conflicts lies in having patience to create multiple potential solutions. Careful reflection and consideration will progress into agreements that are both satisfying and successful (Runde Flanagan 2009). Therefore when undergoing problem-solving, both parties must not rush to a solution immediately or else the solution may backfire or do not satisfy both parties’ needs. Three strategies that help people manage conflict Before discussing about the three different strategies that help people to manage conflict, the strategies used are basically divided into three categories and they are interest-based, rights-based and power-based (Jameson 2001). Three different strategies from the three categories will be discussed respectively. Jameson (2001) advises that all resolutions of disputes and conflicts should start with a interest-based strategy, and if it does not resolves the conflict, it is followed by a rights-based strategy and if conflict persists, power-based strategy is then applied. Mediation (Interest-based) Jameson (2001) suggests that mediation is a form of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution). Research has shown that interest-based strategies such as mediation had the best long-termed results such as improved relationship between parties, greater commitment to solutions and reduced future conflicts from happening. This is why involved parties in a conflict should use this approach as it reaps the most benefits. Even though there are many theories and various methods underlying mediation, it is generally defined as an intervention by a neutral third party which facilitates the process but allow participants in the conflict to control the outcome (Jameson 2001). Depending on the severity of the conflict, the mediator is to provide useful information in legal issues, help the participants into perspective thinking, provide a guide in finding the most satisfying and realistic settlement, help to improve the working/personal relationship between participants, or engage in some combination of the above methods. Inquisitorial Intervention (Rights-based) This describes intervention by a person of a higher authority; in most cases is the manager, who will make a final decision. Managers who adopt this strategy allow employees more or less control over presentation of their arguments before deciding on an appropriate solution (Jameson 2001). Because the third party(manager) listens to every party’s arguments before making a judgment, the manager acts as a ‘judge’ and this usually results in a win-lose situation, unlike Mediation which results in a win-win situation most of the time. Employees are given the opportunity to present their arguments and influence the final decision and this result in higher amount of fairness and satisfaction with outcomes. Employees involved in the conflict usually agree that the outcome decided by the third party is fair, but it could be better if they are able to retain the outcome control. Restructuring (Power-based) This is the more realistic popular method amongst power-based strategies because they are efficient (at least in the short run) and it follows a problem-solving procedure that is actually part of the managerial role (Jameson 2001). A powerful third party restructures the work and responsibilities of employees in order to solve problems. For example if employees does not see eye-to-eye with one another and it affects efficiency or quality of work produced, restructuring may simply solve this issue even though parties involved are not satisfied but at least they will not be able to see each other, proving restructuring to be a efficient method in the short run. This method may be efficient if time issues are being involved, such as the organisation needs to achieve a certain target by a certain date. Influence of culture in conflict resolution styles The three cultural values dimensions that are popularly discussed are individualism-collectivism, power distance and high-low context (McShane et al. 2010). Low/high context: refers to the amount of information contained in a clearly-expressed message versus implied message (Adair et al. 2004). Low-context culture is direct and negotiations are analytical and fact-based, while high-context culture is indirect and high-context negotiators tend to use an indirect communication method with usually contains implied meanings. An example of a low-context culture would be the United States of America and a high-context culture will be Japan (Adair et al. 2004). Individualism/Collectivism: Individualism refers to a society where the relationships between people are loose and they are expected to look after themselves or their immediate families only. Collectivism which is the opposite, refers to a society that people focus on being harmonious and emphasize on cohesiveness within themselves. In organisational context, individualism means individuals only care about their own goals and prefer to work alone and collectivism means working harmoniously in a teams and it emphasizes on teamwork. Power distance: McShane et al. (2010) defines power distance as the degree of importance that people place on status and power to control. Basically it means that human inequality may occur in many fields such as status, wealth, power, rules etc. In organisational settings it refers between superiors/managers and employees mainly. In a high power distance working environment, employees tend to just do their work without raising doubts or question their bosses, due to fear in the difference of their power, low power distance means otherwise, where employees and their superiors work hand in hand to resolve issues. A few decades ago, managers can spend up to twenty percent of their time in resolving conflicts. Nowadays, conflicts are generally much more complex and take up more time to resolve due to technological advances, world’s exponential growth rate and globalization which led to increase contacts between people of many different cultures (Kotthoff Spencer-Oatey 2008). This suggests that our modern world has an increase of numbers of cultural conflicts and they are usually hard to resolve due to the extreme range of differences in thinking, values, ethics etc between individuals of different cultures. To further elaborate on this point, Brigg (2008) states that most experts in this field now come to an agreement that culture frames the experiences of conflict of people, their reactions and responses to other people in conflict, and the types of strategies they might consider to manage or otherwise address disputes. Therefore when facing against a cultural conflict issue, one must understand that the other party does not grow up in the same environment as him/her, had not been taught the same teachings and values since young. To put in simpler terms, the definition of what is right and what is correct might not be the same between the two parties. This also explains why it is so difficult in applying conflict resolution styles when it comes to cultural conflicts because it is hard to accept the other party’s â€Å"correct† values which may be the â€Å"wrong† values of one as both of them have been gorged those values since young in their growing up environment. Conclusion Two ways of conflict-handling styles were discussed and avoiding can be a good approach sometimes despite many of its negativity and although problem-solving is the best approach, it cannot be rushed and many potential solutions must be raised in order to finding the best solution. Three strategies from three different categories of conflict resolution styles were discussed and despite the major differences in terms of popularity of usage and way of handling, all the three strategies can produce effective results in organisational settings if they were applied in the correct circumstances. Three cultural values dimensions were discussed and it was also explained that influence of culture in conflict resolution styles remains fundamentally significant and it is currently the most challenging in conflict resolution.