Moral Courage Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Moral Courage - Article Example By exposing the scam, Luy actually risked his life and was allegedly previously held in detention when his cousin suspected that he was already on the verge of exposing the scam. It was eventually revealed that there are apparent links to members of the Congress, who allegedly are using these funds for their own personal interests, with Janet Lim Napoles devising bogus non-government institutions are apparent recipients of the funds (Wenceslao, 2013). As a result, the alleged perpetuator of the scam, Janet Lim Napoles, is currently being held in trial and incarcerated to determine the veracity of the allegations and to pinpoint other cohorts who could have been instrumental in designing the scam. The person, Benhur Luy, is therefore commended for his moral courage in his decision to expose the scam. Despite the fact that it was his cousin who apparently headed the scrupulous transactions, in possible cohorts with some lawmakers, Benhur Luy had decided to reveal the long-time secret. According to the report, â€Å"Benhur Luy said he worked with Janet Lim-Napoles for ten years, from 2002 to 2012. He was therefore in a position to describe the rise of the Napoles PDAF scam ‘business empire’† (Wenceslao, 2013, par. 10). The scam was reportedly described as follows: â€Å"Napoles wheeling and dealing with lawmakers and government bureaucrats (the roles reversed later, with lawmakers wheeling and dealing with Napoles); Luy and other members of Napoles’s staff preparing bogus papers for bogus non-government organizations and ghost beneficiaries and forging signatures; people’s money exchanging hands† (Wenceslao, 2013, par. 8). What was disturbing actually, was the fact that it took such a long time, ten years, before Benhur Luy was able to gather that much moral courage to expose the graft and corruption that had existed and had been perpetuated by his cousin, and including him. The person should have been able to expose the scam at an

Conflict Resolution Styles in Organizational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Conflict Resolution Styles in Organizational Behaviour Essay Conflict is a process that every one of us has experienced throughout our lifes. There are various definitions of conflicts as described by different authors but generally, conflict is a process whereby one individual’s interests is opposed or negatively affected by the other party (McShane et al. 2010). Workplace and organisational conflicts are usually more complex. Isenhart and Spangle (2000) points out that at the beginning the conflict may start because of improper placement of workers and their responsibilities in a workplace, but it may get worse if they faces unfair rules, ineffective management, unclear responsibilities or too much work assigned. Organisational conflicts can result in many possible outcomes, the negatives ones such as damaged employee relations, violence, increased tension between bosses and employees but it can have positive outcomes too such as increased employee-cohesiveness and increased motivation. How it will be achieved will be discussed through the elements of conflict and will be listed in greater details. Ways in which people approach conflict Avoiding Avoiding is probably the fastest way of resolving a conflict but at the same time it is not the best way because most of the time the avoider will remain unhappy even after the conflict. It does not permanently resolve the conflict (McShane et al. 2010) and in my opinion it is just ‘postponing’ the problem to have it solved at a later date. McCollum et al. (2009) states that the person who is avoiding thinks that confronting the conflict will bring more trouble than it is worth. The avoider also decides to not deal with the conflict because he or she might not have the confidence to do so. This seems like the more popular choice amongst the five ways in which people approach conflict based on my experiences because people simply do not want unnecessary trouble or aggravate the problem, especially if it is a minor issue. Avoiding pays no attention in concerns of either self or others (Kotthoff Spencer-Oatey 2008). This is the least-sought option amongst the five approach es but however, McCollum et al. (2009) suggests that avoiding can be a tactical approach when the other party has more strength and authority over you; and/or the avoiding the conflict will bring little or no devastating consequences. Problem-Solving I deemed this to be the most effective way in resolving organisational conflicts because both parties will benefit if they manage to find a double-win solution to the problem. This is considered to be the most desirable approach to conflict as there are no negative impacts at all. Only positive results will surface. Runde Flanagan (2009) suggests that there might be a link between avoiding and problem-solving. Because many people tend towards avoidance, they often rush through problem solving and immediately use the first solution that they can think of so as to quickly get over the conflict, without any beneficial solutions. The key in using problem-solving as an approach to resolve conflicts lies in having patience to create multiple potential solutions. Careful reflection and consideration will progress into agreements that are both satisfying and successful (Runde Flanagan 2009). Therefore when undergoing problem-solving, both parties must not rush to a solution immediately or else the solution may backfire or do not satisfy both parties’ needs. Three strategies that help people manage conflict Before discussing about the three different strategies that help people to manage conflict, the strategies used are basically divided into three categories and they are interest-based, rights-based and power-based (Jameson 2001). Three different strategies from the three categories will be discussed respectively. Jameson (2001) advises that all resolutions of disputes and conflicts should start with a interest-based strategy, and if it does not resolves the conflict, it is followed by a rights-based strategy and if conflict persists, power-based strategy is then applied. Mediation (Interest-based) Jameson (2001) suggests that mediation is a form of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution). Research has shown that interest-based strategies such as mediation had the best long-termed results such as improved relationship between parties, greater commitment to solutions and reduced future conflicts from happening. This is why involved parties in a conflict should use this approach as it reaps the most benefits. Even though there are many theories and various methods underlying mediation, it is generally defined as an intervention by a neutral third party which facilitates the process but allow participants in the conflict to control the outcome (Jameson 2001). Depending on the severity of the conflict, the mediator is to provide useful information in legal issues, help the participants into perspective thinking, provide a guide in finding the most satisfying and realistic settlement, help to improve the working/personal relationship between participants, or engage in some combination of the above methods. Inquisitorial Intervention (Rights-based) This describes intervention by a person of a higher authority; in most cases is the manager, who will make a final decision. Managers who adopt this strategy allow employees more or less control over presentation of their arguments before deciding on an appropriate solution (Jameson 2001). Because the third party(manager) listens to every party’s arguments before making a judgment, the manager acts as a ‘judge’ and this usually results in a win-lose situation, unlike Mediation which results in a win-win situation most of the time. Employees are given the opportunity to present their arguments and influence the final decision and this result in higher amount of fairness and satisfaction with outcomes. Employees involved in the conflict usually agree that the outcome decided by the third party is fair, but it could be better if they are able to retain the outcome control. Restructuring (Power-based) This is the more realistic popular method amongst power-based strategies because they are efficient (at least in the short run) and it follows a problem-solving procedure that is actually part of the managerial role (Jameson 2001). A powerful third party restructures the work and responsibilities of employees in order to solve problems. For example if employees does not see eye-to-eye with one another and it affects efficiency or quality of work produced, restructuring may simply solve this issue even though parties involved are not satisfied but at least they will not be able to see each other, proving restructuring to be a efficient method in the short run. This method may be efficient if time issues are being involved, such as the organisation needs to achieve a certain target by a certain date. Influence of culture in conflict resolution styles The three cultural values dimensions that are popularly discussed are individualism-collectivism, power distance and high-low context (McShane et al. 2010). Low/high context: refers to the amount of information contained in a clearly-expressed message versus implied message (Adair et al. 2004). Low-context culture is direct and negotiations are analytical and fact-based, while high-context culture is indirect and high-context negotiators tend to use an indirect communication method with usually contains implied meanings. An example of a low-context culture would be the United States of America and a high-context culture will be Japan (Adair et al. 2004). Individualism/Collectivism: Individualism refers to a society where the relationships between people are loose and they are expected to look after themselves or their immediate families only. Collectivism which is the opposite, refers to a society that people focus on being harmonious and emphasize on cohesiveness within themselves. In organisational context, individualism means individuals only care about their own goals and prefer to work alone and collectivism means working harmoniously in a teams and it emphasizes on teamwork. Power distance: McShane et al. (2010) defines power distance as the degree of importance that people place on status and power to control. Basically it means that human inequality may occur in many fields such as status, wealth, power, rules etc. In organisational settings it refers between superiors/managers and employees mainly. In a high power distance working environment, employees tend to just do their work without raising doubts or question their bosses, due to fear in the difference of their power, low power distance means otherwise, where employees and their superiors work hand in hand to resolve issues. A few decades ago, managers can spend up to twenty percent of their time in resolving conflicts. Nowadays, conflicts are generally much more complex and take up more time to resolve due to technological advances, world’s exponential growth rate and globalization which led to increase contacts between people of many different cultures (Kotthoff Spencer-Oatey 2008). This suggests that our modern world has an increase of numbers of cultural conflicts and they are usually hard to resolve due to the extreme range of differences in thinking, values, ethics etc between individuals of different cultures. To further elaborate on this point, Brigg (2008) states that most experts in this field now come to an agreement that culture frames the experiences of conflict of people, their reactions and responses to other people in conflict, and the types of strategies they might consider to manage or otherwise address disputes. Therefore when facing against a cultural conflict issue, one must understand that the other party does not grow up in the same environment as him/her, had not been taught the same teachings and values since young. To put in simpler terms, the definition of what is right and what is correct might not be the same between the two parties. This also explains why it is so difficult in applying conflict resolution styles when it comes to cultural conflicts because it is hard to accept the other party’s â€Å"correct† values which may be the â€Å"wrong† values of one as both of them have been gorged those values since young in their growing up environment. Conclusion Two ways of conflict-handling styles were discussed and avoiding can be a good approach sometimes despite many of its negativity and although problem-solving is the best approach, it cannot be rushed and many potential solutions must be raised in order to finding the best solution. Three strategies from three different categories of conflict resolution styles were discussed and despite the major differences in terms of popularity of usage and way of handling, all the three strategies can produce effective results in organisational settings if they were applied in the correct circumstances. Three cultural values dimensions were discussed and it was also explained that influence of culture in conflict resolution styles remains fundamentally significant and it is currently the most challenging in conflict resolution.

Case Study Analysis Cost Of Capital At Ameritrade Finance Essay

Case Study Analysis Cost Of Capital At Ameritrade Finance Essay Capital Asset Pricing Model is a model that describes the relationship between risk and expected return  and  that is used in the pricing of risky securities. Description: Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) The general idea behind CAPM is that investors need to be compensated in two ways: time value of money  and risk. The time value of money is represented by the risk-free(rf) rate  in the formula and compensates the investors for placing money in any investment over a period of time. The other half of the formula represents risk and calculates the amount of compensation the investor needs for taking on  additional risk. This is calculated by taking a risk measure (beta)  that compares the returns of the asset to the market over a period of time and to the market premium (Rm-rf). The CAPM says that the expected return of a security or a portfolio equals the rate on a risk-free security plus a risk premium. If this expected return does not meet or beat the required return, then the investment should not be undertaken. The security market line plots the results of the CAPM for all different risks (betas). Using the CAPM model  and the following assumptions, we can compute the expected return of a stock in this CAPM example: if the risk-free rate is  3%, the beta (risk measure) of the stock is 2 and the expected market return over the period is 10%, the stock is expected to return 17% (3%+2(10%-3%)). CAPM has a lot of important consequences. For one thing it turns finding the efficient frontier into a doable task, because you only have to calculate the co-variances of every pair of classes, instead of every pair of everything. Another consequence is that CAPM implies that investing in individual stocks is pointless, because you can duplicate the reward and risk characteristics of any security just by using the right mix of cash with the appropriate asset class. This is why followers of MPT avoid stocks, and instead build portfolios out of low cost index funds. Cap-M looks at risk and rates of return and compares them to the overall stock market. If you use CAPM you have to assume that most investors want to avoid risk, (risk averse), and those who do take risks, expect to be rewarded. It also assumes that investors are price takers who cant influence the price of assets or markets. With CAPM you assume that there are no transactional costs or taxation and assets and securities are divisible into small little packets. CAPM assumes that investors are not limited in their borrowing and lending under the risk free rate of interest. How to Calculate the Cost of Equity CAPM The cost of equity is the amount of compensation an investor requires to invest in an equity investment. The cost of equity is estimable is several ways, including the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The formula for calculating the cost of equity using CAPM is the risk-free rate plus beta times the market risk premium. Beta compares the risk of the asset to the market, so it is a risk that, even with diversification, will not go away. As an example, a company has a beta of 0.9, the risk-free rate is 1 percent and the expected return on the equity investment is 4 percent. Instructions Determine the market risk premium. The market risk premium equals the expected return minus the risk-free rate. The risk-free rate of return is usually the United States three-month Treasury bill rate. In our example, 4 percent minus 1 percent equals 3 percent. Multiply the market risk premium by beta. In our example, 3 percent times 0.9 equals 0.027. Add the risk-free rate to the number calculated in Step 2 to determine the cost of equity. In our example, 0.027 plus 0.01 equals a cost of equity of 0.037 or 3.7 percent. . Combining the risk-free asset and the market portfolio gives the portfolio frontier. The risk of an individual asset is characterized by its co-variability with the market portfolio. The part of the risk that is correlated with the market portfolio, the systematic risk, cannot be diversified away. Bearing systematic risk needs to be rewarded. The part of an assets risk that is not correlated with the market portfolio, the non-systematic risk, can be diversified away by holding a frontier portfolio. Bearing non-systematic risk need not be rewarded. For any asset i: where We thus have an asset pricing model the CAPM. Example. Suppose that CAPM holds. The expected market return is 14% and T-bill rate is 5%. What should be the expected return on a stock with ÃŽÂ ² = 0? Answer: Same as the risk-free rate, 5%. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The stock may have significant uncertainty in its return. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This uncertainty is uncorrelated with the market return. What should be the expected return on a stock with ÃŽÂ ² = 1? Answer: The same as the market return, 14%. What should be the expected return on a portfolio made up of 50% T-bills and 50% market portfolio? Answer: the expected return should be  ¯r = (0.5)(0.05)+(0.5)(0.14) = 9.5%. Multifactor CAPM In CAPM, investors care about returns on their investments over the next short horizon they follow myopic investment strategies. In practice, however: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Investors do invest over long horizons à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Investment opportunities do change over time. In equilibrium, an assets premium is given by a multi-factor CAPM : Limitations of CAPM Based on highly restrictive assumptions i.e. no tax, transaction costs etc Serious doubts about its testability. Market factor is not the sole factor influencing stock returns. Summary of CAPM CAPM is attractive: 1. It is simple and sensible: is built on modern portfolio theory distinguishes systematic risk and non-systematic risk provides a simple pricing model. 2. It is relatively easy to implement. CAPM is controversial: 1. It is difficult to test: difficult to identify the market portfolio difficult to estimate returns and betas. 2. Empirical evidence is mixed. 3. Alternative pricing models might do better. Multi-factor CAPM. Consumption CAPM (C-CAPM). APT. Other Methods for calculating cost of equity There are 3 methods which are mainly used for calculating Cost of equity other than CAPM Arbitrage Pricing theory 3 factor method Dividend Growth Method Arbitrage Pricing Theory APT assumes that returns on securities are generated by number of industry-wide and market-wide factors. Correlation between a pair of securities occurs when these securities are affected by the SAME factor or factors. Return on any stock traded in a financial market consists of two parts. R = Re + U Where, R = return on any stock Re = Expected or Normal return (depends on all of information shareholders have on the stock for next month.) U = Uncertain or Risky return (this comes from information revealed in the month) U = m +  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   Where, m = Systematic risk or market risk (it influences all assets of market)  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ½ Unsystematic risk (it affects single asset or small group interrelated of assets, it is specific to company) The capital asset pricing theory begins with an analysis of how investors construct efficient portfolios. But in real life scenarios, it isnt necessary that every time portfolios will be efficient. It is developed by Stephen Ross. Moreover, the return is assumed to obey the following simple relationship: Where b1, b2 and b3 are sensitivities associated with factor 1, factor 2 and factor 3 which can be interest rate or other price factors. Noise =  Ã‚ ¥ is event unique to the company. APT states that the expected risk premium on a stock should depend on the expected risk premium associated with each factor and the stocks sensitivity to each of the factors. Thus, formula modifies to: Where, rf = risk free rate is subtracted from each return to give risk premium associated from each factor. Analysis of the formula: If we put value for b = 0, the expected risk premium will be zero. It will create a diversified portfolio which has zero sensitivity to macroeconomic factor which offers risk free rate of interest. Portfolio offered a higher return, investors could make a risk-free (or arbitrage) profit by borrowing to buy the portfolio. If it offered a lower return, you could make an arbitrage profit by running the strategy in reverse; in other words, you would sell the portfolio and invest the proceeds in U.S. Treasury bills. Consider portfolio A and B are sensitive to factor 1, A is twice sensitive to factor1 as then portfolio Therefore, if you divided your money equally between U.S. Treasury bills and portfolio A, combined portfolio would have exactly the same sensitivity to factor 1 as portfolio B and would offer the same risk premium. Steps of Arbitrage Pricing Theory The various steps during Arbitrage Pricing Theory can be stated as: Identify the macroeconomic factors: APT doesnt indicate which factors are to be considered. But there are 6 principle factors which are: Yield spread interest rate, exchange rate, GNP inflation portion of the market return Estimate the risk premium of each factor Estimate the factor sensitivity Net Return = risk free interest rate + expected risk premium 3 factor model It is a special case of APT It considers 3 major factors called as market factor size factor book to market factor. There is also evidence that these factors are related to company profitability and therefore may be picking up risk factors that are left out of the simple CAPM. The practical application of this model is to estimate the betas for the three factors and then use them to predict where returns should fall, much like the CAPM. It was researched by Fama and French. Dividend Growth Method Dividend Discount Model. It is useful when the growth rate of dividend is forecasted constantly. The present value of stocks is given as Where, r = discount rate, g = rate of growth, DIV = annual cash payment, This formula can be used when growth rate g When growth rate = rate of return, the present value becomes infinite. For perpetual growth, r > g. Growing perpetuity formula, Where,P0 in terms of next years expected dividend DIV g = the projected growth trend r = expected rate of return on other securities of comparable risk. We can estimate cost of equity from this formula by re-arranging. Lets understand by an example: Suppose that your company is expected to pay a dividend of $1.50 per share next year. There has been a steady growth in dividends of 5.1% per year and the market expects that to continue. The current price is $25. Then cost of equity r is given as: When the growth rate isnt constant but varies from year to year, then average can be calculated. Growth rate for current year is calculated using the formula: For example, Year Dividend (in Rs. Million) Percent change (g) 2000 1.23 2001 1.30 (1.30 1.23) / 1.23 = 5.7% 2002 1.36 (1.36 1.30) / 1.30 = 4.6% 2003 1.43 (1.43 1.36) / 1.36 = 5.1% 2004 1.50 (1.50 1.43) / 1.43 = 4.9% Growth rate is average of all percent changes and equals This model serves the major advantage of being easy to understand and use but has a major drawback total dependence on dividend and it cannot be used where company isnt paying any dividend. Also, it doesnot consider any risk and is highly sensitive to the change in growth rate. Estimating Beta Beta is an important term in Capital Asset Pricing Method. Beta is the non-diversified risk of holding a single stock. But it turns out that companies in similar markets have similar risks. Interpretation of beta Beta = 1,it matches market portfolio Beta > 1, higher risk. Beta Methods for calculation of beta It is calculated as: beta_{i} = frac {mathrm{Cov}(R_i,R_m)}{mathrm{Var}(R_m)} Where, Ri = rate of return of asset and Rm is rate of return of market. Thus, beta is dependent on regression analysis. Beta is found by statistical analysis of individual, daily share price returns, in comparison with the markets daily returns over precisely the same period. We need to gather a lengthy time-series of observations for the market return and the individual asset return. Then required co-variances and variances can be calculated. If coefficient of correlation P is known then The alternative method of calculating beta is (by rearranging terms from CAPM equation): In practice, an additional constant alpha is also added in the above equation which tells how much better (or worse) the funds did than what the CAPM predicted. Alpha is a risk-adjusted measure of the so-called active return on an investment. Here, E(Ri) Rf is estimated return on asset portfolios and E(Rm) Rf is estimated return on market index. In order to check that there are no serious violations of the linear regression model assumptions. The slope of the fitted line from the linear least-squares calculation is the estimated Beta. The vertical intercept of this curve is called as the alpha. For a portfolio of assets, we have the relation: Given that beta is a linear risk measure, the beta of a portfolio of assets as simply the weighted average of all the individual betas that comprise the portfolio. HANU Estimate of Risk Premium We dont have reliable estimate where stock market will move in future. So we are using long term historical spreadsheets for estimate large stock than small stocks because they are more closer to proper estimate of market We are considering all values after Second World War because after that laws became stable in U.S. Risk premium = Rm Rf U.S. government securities rate = 6.69% (20 years bond, Exhibit 3) Average annual return for Large company stocks = 14 % (Exhibit 3) So Risk premium for Ameritrade = 14 % 6.69 % =7.31 %

Men Will Rise From The Dark Depth Of Prejudice To The Majestic Heights :: essays research papers

Men Will Rise From The Dark Depth Of Prejudice To The Majestic Heights Of Brotherhood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Men will rise from the dark depths of prejudice... What is prejudice? The Websters dictionary defines it as â€Å"a biased opinion based on emotion rather than reason.† This is most certainly the case. Through out history groups of people of the same race, religion, color, etc. have had unspeakable acts committed against them by others who think with their â€Å"...emotions[s] rather than reason.† Because one is a different color they think that that person is odd, or inferior. Or they see some one of a different religion as a person who is rejected by God. These are both examples of prejudice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people have seen the effects of prejudice and sought to put an end to it. one such person was Dr. Martian Luther King. By the time Dr. King became involved in civil rights he was already an ordained minister. He had married and he and his wife had four children. His civil rights activities began with the protest of an incident that occurred on a public bus. Rosa parks had broken the law by not getting out of her seat to allow a white person to sit in her seat or row. An organization was formed to boycott the buses and Dr. Martian Luther king was asked to be president of it. In his first, and in my opinion, most powerful speeches Dr. Martian Luther King stated â€Å"First and foremost we are American citizens...We are not here advocating violence...the only weapon that we have...is that of protest...The great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right.† Dr. King and the organization succeeded. The Supreme Court ordered the city to have equal, integrated seating. This was only the first in many battles lead by Dr. Martian Luther King.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Martian Luther King had a dream. A dream to unite all mankind as one. A dream to see an end to prejudice. A dream to reach the promise land. Although many of his goals as far as discrimination have been met, Dr. Martian Luther King never got to see this. He was shot and killed on April 4, 1968. In 1983 congress passed a national holiday in his honor. It celebrated on the third Monday in January. Dr. Martian Luther King Became the second person to have a national Holiday, the first being George Washington, the countries first President. One of his Ideals that has not yet been achieved nor properly addressed is that of brotherhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Majestic heights of brotherhood. Anyone who has ever experienced Men Will Rise From The Dark Depth Of Prejudice To The Majestic Heights :: essays research papers Men Will Rise From The Dark Depth Of Prejudice To The Majestic Heights Of Brotherhood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Men will rise from the dark depths of prejudice... What is prejudice? The Websters dictionary defines it as â€Å"a biased opinion based on emotion rather than reason.† This is most certainly the case. Through out history groups of people of the same race, religion, color, etc. have had unspeakable acts committed against them by others who think with their â€Å"...emotions[s] rather than reason.† Because one is a different color they think that that person is odd, or inferior. Or they see some one of a different religion as a person who is rejected by God. These are both examples of prejudice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people have seen the effects of prejudice and sought to put an end to it. one such person was Dr. Martian Luther King. By the time Dr. King became involved in civil rights he was already an ordained minister. He had married and he and his wife had four children. His civil rights activities began with the protest of an incident that occurred on a public bus. Rosa parks had broken the law by not getting out of her seat to allow a white person to sit in her seat or row. An organization was formed to boycott the buses and Dr. Martian Luther king was asked to be president of it. In his first, and in my opinion, most powerful speeches Dr. Martian Luther King stated â€Å"First and foremost we are American citizens...We are not here advocating violence...the only weapon that we have...is that of protest...The great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right.† Dr. King and the organization succeeded. The Supreme Court ordered the city to have equal, integrated seating. This was only the first in many battles lead by Dr. Martian Luther King.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Martian Luther King had a dream. A dream to unite all mankind as one. A dream to see an end to prejudice. A dream to reach the promise land. Although many of his goals as far as discrimination have been met, Dr. Martian Luther King never got to see this. He was shot and killed on April 4, 1968. In 1983 congress passed a national holiday in his honor. It celebrated on the third Monday in January. Dr. Martian Luther King Became the second person to have a national Holiday, the first being George Washington, the countries first President. One of his Ideals that has not yet been achieved nor properly addressed is that of brotherhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Majestic heights of brotherhood. Anyone who has ever experienced

What Does Enlightened Self-Interest Involve?

Enlightened self interest is actually a viewpoint in principles which states that people who act to advance the interest of others eventually they provide their own self interest. It is simply articulated by the certainty that a person, group and even business entity will at all times do well through the doing good. Enlightened self interest in one way or the other is considered to be so unrealistic. Enlightened self-interest as well it has implications for long-term reimbursements as opposed to short-term reimbursements to oneself. When a person pursues enlightened self-interest the individual possibly will surrender short-term interests so as to take full advantage of long-term interests. A person might sacrifice his instant self-interest for the purpose of an affirmative relationship towards a group of people to which he relates (Robert, 45). Enlightened self interest is totally different from pure altruism which calls for individuals to perform in the concern of others frequently at the expense of their own welfare and with no hope of gain for themselves in the prospect. Some supporters of progressive self-interest may argue that pure unselfishness tends to promote inefficiency also. Some people may benefit materially from philosophy of greed but it is supposed by proponents of progressive self awareness that these people constitute a small minority and that the great number of people can be expecting to experience a net individual failure from a philosophy of uncomplicated unenlightened selfishness. Enlightened self interest clearly states that a big business is in due course assisting itself through helping to resolve communal problems. Advocates challenge that social dependability expenditures by business are motivated through the profit that they make.

Life Has a Hopeful Undertone

McCarthy follows a father and son who are struggling to survive after some global apocalypse. The father struggles to keep his faith and â€Å"carry the fire,† he starts to question his faith in humanity him believe to have hope in the most difficult of times. Despite civilization falling apart, in the novel The Road by Coral McCarthy hope is revealed to be a major theme by symbolism in the fire and the boy. The man and boy often find themselves in difficult situations.The boy considers that e would be better off dead because his loss of hope. He says he would be better off with his â€Å"mom† (55), who is dead. The man tells him that he has to â€Å"carry the Although it is not directly said in the novel, the fire is implied to be related to hope and goodness. The father and son are some of the few survivors who refused to exploit human beings, because they have not given up and lost faith in their morals. Hope helps them find alternatives from cannibalism. Even when they were â€Å"starving†(129). They still refuse to eat any human flesh.In the novel, the cannibals represent a fallen society that a man and boy have to live through. The boy is a symbol hope and is one of the â€Å"good guys†(77). Those who carry the fire have not given up hope and need to preserve the faith and sake of humanity, because If the two characters decide to eat a charred human Infant (198), everyone on Earth would be killing each other and ending humanity; there would be no hope or love left, there would be nothing or no one left to live for. The man and boy both believe â€Å"nothing ad is going to happen† (83), to them because they are carrying the fire.Ultimately at the end of the novel the man ends up dying, but hope continues to live on In the boy, who meets a new family that Is â€Å"carrying the fire† as well (284). This shows that even In hard times you can still have hope that things will get better. When his son was born the man s ays that the boy was â€Å"beyond the window Just gathering cold, the fires on the horizon† (59). The man found hope when his son was born, and found another reason to live. The mother states â€Å"the boy was all that stood between him and death†(29).The child was an embodiment of hope and salvation; he was a light In the darkness. The man thought of his son as God; he asked Ely noon thought he was an angel? What If I said he was God? â€Å"(172). The man saw his son as a symbol of hope Is a place where hope was no longer relevant. Overall, hope In a ruined society can begin the dullness, but The Road by Coral McCarthy shows that hope can still remain. Hope when a salvation Lies In ruins can easily be forgotten between the fight with death and the desperation to live, but It remains as the only thing that can begin to rebuild humanity again.Life Has a Hopeful Undertone By liable given up hope and need to preserve the faith and sake of humanity, because if the two cha racters decide to eat a charred human infant (198), everyone on Earth would the end of the novel the man ends up dying, but hope continues to live on in the boy, who meets a new family that is â€Å"carrying the fire† as well (284). This shows that even in hard times you can still have hope that things will get better. When his son was death†(29). The child was an embodiment of hope and salvation; he was a light in the darkness.The man thought of his son as God; he asked Ely muff thought he was an angel? What if I said he was The man saw his son as a symbol of hope is a place where hope was no longer relevant. Overall, hope in a ruined society can begin the diminish, but The Road by Coral McCarthy shows that hope can still remain. Hope when a civilization lies in ruins can easily be forgotten between the fight with death and the desperation to live, but it remains as the only thing that can begin to

Burn After Reading Essays

Burn After Reading Essays Burn After Reading Essay Burn After Reading Essay Burn After Reading is a black comedy directed, produced and written by the Coen brothers in 2008. It stars some major actors such as Brad Pitt, George Clooney, John Malkovich and Francis McDormand. (Adams 40-42) In this film, all of the characters interweave with one another and they don’t necessarily know so. The film begins with John Malkovich as Osbourne Cox being fired from his position as a C. I. A. analyst. He then decides to begin writing his memoirs which eventually end up in the hands of two HardBodies Gym employees Francis McDormand as Linda Litzke and Brad Pitt as Chad. Chad assumes that Cox must be someone of importance and that the information on the disk is top secret. From there, he involves Linda in black mailing him because she is in desperate need for money to pay for the cosmetic surgeries she desires. Along side of that, Cox’s wife is planning on leaving his and taking off with Harry which is something he knows nothing of. Harry who is also married, and having an affair with Cox’s wife, is also meeting random women through an online dating service and eventually hooks up with Linda as well. Linda falls for Harry, especially since he’s told her that he doesn’t think these surgeries that she needs are necessary. This movie is basically a tangled web of lies, paranoia and false information, making it into one of the Coen brothers most baffling films. One major aspect of this movie is paranoia. What does the movie say about paranoia? Well, that’s a rather difficult answer to come up with considering a lot of this movie doesn’t make sense. Even the ending scene of the movie where Palmer and Gardner Chubb (both C. I. A. gents) are discussing this mess of events that has been going on say that they didn’t learn anything from this. Everyone in the movie seems to believe that someone is someone else leading to the characters to lash out with paranoid violence as if they’re left with no alternative. I think that the movie is probably trying to say about paranoia is that you can’t let it get to you because you will either end up cre ating scenarios leading to even worse paranoia, or you’ll end up dead. Two main focuses in the movie that seemed to harbor the most paranoia were Clooney’s character Harry and Pitt’s character Chad. Harry plays a US Marshall who never seems to actually work (Adams 40-42) and is constantly creating more and more sticky situations. Not only is he married, but he’s having an affair with Osbourne Cox’s wife and meeting women on the internet. Every day Harry goes out on run and begins to notice what looks like a government car following him. He seems like he doesn’t really know what to make of it and ignores it in the beginning. Once the situation becomes a little more suspicious, Harry takes action and goes out to the man’s car who’s been following him demanding answers. The man worked for a law firm and was hired by Harry’s wife to watch him to find proof that he was cheating on his wife. Little did Harry know, he wife was getting ready to file for a divorce. Harry is also paranoid about killing Chad earlier on in the movie at Osbourne Cox’s home. Him and Linda have been seeing each other and Linda eventually asks Harry if he can help her find her friend since he has no idea where he’s gone. Later in the park, Linda explains the situation a little further about what Chad was doing and where he was going and just like that Harry put the pieces together and finally found out who the person was that he killed. He then begins to ask Linda questions about who she is and who she was hired by, Linda innocent and not knowing what Harry is talking about truthfully tells him that she wasn’t hired by anyone and she’s not after anything. Harry then runs away from Linda never to see her again. Eventually, Harry decides to up and flee to Venezuela to escape from whoever he thinks might be after him. Pitt’s character Chad who seems rather dimwitted, is trying to find a way to black mail Osbourne Cox. Earlier on in the movie, McDormand finds his disk at HardBodies gym, Chad comes up with the brilliant idea to black mail him and Linda goes with the idea thinking that the money they receive from Cox will pay for her surgeries. He begins by making a late night phone call telling Cox that he has his disk and he demands money for the return of it. He later meets up with Cox, trying to look professional by wearing a tuxedo but riding a bike a carrying his helmet. Cox explains to Chad what could legally happen to him if he decided to try and blackmail him, then proceeds to punch Chad in the face and makes him get out of his car. Then they come up with the idea to take the disk to the Russians hoping that they’ll somehow get money out of it that way. Chad later tries breaking into Cox’s home to find more information on him. While Chad’s in the house, Harry walks in. Cox had previously been locked out of his home by his wife who was also getting ready to file for divorce, so Harry has been staying there temporarily while his wife is off for the release of her new children’s book. Once Chad realizes that he is no longer alone in the house, he quickly hides in the closet hoping to eventually escape unnoticed. After Harry gets out of the shower he walks over to the closet Chad is hiding in. He opens the doors and sees him thinking he’s some government spook and immediately shoots him in the head. The character of Osbourne Cox is also another example of paranoia in this film. After he’s fired from his job, gets blackmailed, and told by his wife that she’s divorcing him, he also gets kicked out of his home having to resort to living on their boat. Cox get’s fed up with it one day and decides to return home with a hatchet in hopes to find more liquor. What Cox ends up finding at his house is Ted. Ted also works at HardBodies gym and is Linda and Chad’s boss. He’s down in the basement looking through Cox’s computer to try and figure out what exactly Linda and Chad have been up to since they haven’t exactly told him anything. Cox, who’s in a paranoid state, angrily demands answers and quickly makes the connection between Ted, Linda amp; Chad. Infuriated, he chases Ted all the way out to the streets where he proceeds to kill him with the hatchet out of anger. (Doom 163-174) During the duration of the whole movie Francis McDormand’s character, Linda Litzke, struggles with her own self conscious paranoia’s. This makes Linda completely neglect what’s been in front of her face the whole time. While she’s busy obsessing over recapturing her youth, her boss Ted who obviously has feelings about her is discretely trying to let her know that. She openly speaks with him about the surgeries that’s she’s wanting to undergo and about how she’s meeting men on the internet. He explains to her that she doesn’t need the surgeries, and that online dating can be a very dangerous thing and she could end up with the wrong guy. Everything seems to go in one ear and out the other with her because she never took any of that into account. Poor Ted even end up dead in the end of the movie because he’s trying to figure out what it is that Linda and Chad have been up to and why they say it’s so ‘dangerous’. All in all, this has got to be one of the most bizarre spy films that I have ever seen. Unfortunately in the end the only person that seems to get what they want is Linda. If it wasn’t for her self consciousness, a lot of things wouldn’t have ever happened in the first place. Yes of course Chad being the quirky guy that he is, probably still would’ve tried to blackmail Cox, but maybe he wouldn’t have gone so far with it to the point of being shot point blank in the head. Also, nothing would’ve ever happened to Ted. All along all he was trying to do was figure out what it was that Chad and Linda were up to and once he got so involved, he also ended up dead. It seems to be that the most innocent characters of the movie, ended up getting the short straw in everything. On top of all the organized chaos that the movie entails, I find it rather bewildering that the movie is considered a form of comedy. Though black comedy is more so a darker kind, finding humor in death and despair. In conclusion, I think it’s safe to say that Burn After Reading is quite possibly one of the most meaningless movies I have ever seen. Though it is meaningless, that doesn’t mean that it isn’t entertaining and rather humorous. One thing that I did pick up on in the movie though is to steer clear from paranoia. It won’t get you anywhere but six feet under. At least unless the circumstances of this movie. Citations Doom, Ryan. THE BROTHERS COEN: Unique characters of violence. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. 163-174. eBook. Adams, Michael. Burn After Reading. 28th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Cenage Learning, 2009. Print. Burn After Reading. Dir. Ethan and Joel Coen. Focus Features: 2008, DVD.

A Tale Of Two Cities Essays (768 words) - English-language Films

A Tale Of Two Cities Essays (768 words) - English-language Films A Tale Of Two Cities It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness . . . Dickens begins A Tale of Two Cities with this famous sentence. It describes the spirit of the era in which this novel takes place. This era is the latter part of the 1700s - a time when relations between Britain and France were strained, America declared its independence, and the peasants of France began one of the bloodiest revolutions in history. In short, it was a time of liberation and a time of terrible violence. Dickens describes the two cities at the center of the novel: Paris, a city of extravagance, aristocratic abuses, and other evils that lead to revolution and London, a city rife with crime, capital punishment, and disorder. In both cities, the capabilities of an angry mob were a dangerous thing, to be feared by all. The tale begins on a road between London and Dover (in southern England) in 1775. Three strangers in a carriage are traveling along this dangerous road. The carriage encounters a messenger on a horse who asks for one of the passengers, Jarvis Lorry of Tellson's Bank. They are wary, because the messenger could be a highwayman, robber, or other undesirable. However, Mr. Lorry ventures out into the rain to receive the message. He recognizes the messenger as a man named Jerry, who works for Tellson's Bank, as well. Jerry tells him to wait at Dover for the young lady. Lorry tells Jerry to relay to the people at the Bank this message: Recalled to Life. Jerry has no idea what it means and rides off into the rain. Dickens then ponders how the heart of a person is a true mystery. Lorry can tell who or at least of what class the two other passengers are. Traveling on, Lorry dozes in and out of dreams. His dreams reveal to the reader that his mission is to metaphorically dig a man out of the grave. He dreams of imaginary conversations with this man he is to recall to life. Buried how long? Lorry always asks. Almost eighteen years, replies the man. Lorry brings the man in his dreams to see a woman (the young woman of which Jerry the messenger spoke). But the man does not know if he still wishes to live or if he can bear to see the young lady after having been buried for eighteen long years. Upon arriving at an inn in Dover, Lorry waits for the young lady. Here the reader learns that the sixty-year-old Lorry is a well-dressed businessman who works for Tellson's Bank. Tellson's has an office in London, and an office in Paris. Lorry is above all a man of business, and tries to reduce everything to business terms. When the young lady arrives, Lorry goes to see her. She is Lucie Manette, a seventeen-year-old orphan. Lucie believes that she must go to Paris with Lorry because Tellson's Bank has discovered something regarding her dead father's small bit of property. However, Lorry nervously tells her the truth: Her father was a well known scientist in France, whom Lorry knew while working at Tellson's French office. Lucie vaguely recognizes Lorry because he brought her to London many years ago when she was orphaned and Tellson's Bank was put in charge of her. Lucie is shocked when she learns that Tellson's has found her father alive in Paris. He was imprisoned in the Bastille (a famous French prison) for eighteen years, but no one knows why. Lorry calls in the servants, and a strong, brusque woman (who we later discover is Lucie's servant and who essentially raised her) comes in to take care of the young lady. Commentary The two cities are very important to the development of this novel. Both are violent cities rife with injustice. The characters travel between them throughout the novel. The cities provide two distinct settings, each with its own secrets and perils. The major themes of this novel are resurrection and revolution. The first of the two themes is introduced in this section. Resurrection is the literal action of bringing the dead back to life.

Psychoanalytical reading of D.H. Lawrence's The Rocking-Horse Winner Essay

Psychoanalytical reading of D.H. Lawrence's The Rocking-Horse Winner - Essay Example oundly polemical writer with radical views, who regarded sex, the primitive subconscious, and nature as cures to what he considered the evils of modern industrialized society.† (Quoted in oldpoetry.com). Lawrence believed in creating such work that could describe the true picture of motivation behind human actions and reactions. â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† is the example of his most refined works of art and it interprets the depth human mind perceives. The story is about a young boy named Paul, who is concerned to guard his house from the cruel clutches of unluckiness and consequent whispering coming out of it constantly. The boy, in the story, lives with his parents and two younger sisters in a well-off family and a gorgeous house. All the three children feel the presence of an unseen whispering repeatedly, in the whole environment of the dwelling, that â€Å"there should be more money†. â€Å"The children could hear it at Christmas†, the writer states, â€Å"when the expensive and splendid toys filled the nursery.   Behind the shining modern rocking-horse, behind the smart dolls-house, a voice would start whispering:   There must be more money!  Ã‚   There must be more money!† (Lawrence, 1926:2). Paul, being the eldest and the most sensitive, strives to acquire information from his mother regarding the problem of money shortage and its solution. On coming to know about the fact that his father is an unlucky person, and cannot earn a lot, he assures his mother that he is a lucky one. Thus, he seems determined to search for luck and fortune in life to prove himself as fortu nate. Here, Lawrence skillfully articulates the ideas floating in a child’s mind and his quest to make efforts for the uplift of his family within his available resources. In order to obtain luck, the small hero starts riding his tiny wooden rocking toy horse taking it the real one. Paul whips the horse and drove it in an extremely high speed to reach the place where luck dwells. As the

Nonstandard Accounting common to the High-Tech Industry Essay

Nonstandard Accounting common to the High-Tech Industry - Essay Example The main idea behind the convergence concept was that, all nations would come together and form a unified set of accounting standards that would be applied in major capital markets. Additionally, the IFRS also wanted to ensure that the standards are adequately and rigorously used. More over the international standards formulated by international accounting standards took into account the financial reporting needs of the developing nations as well as small and medium-sized entities (SME’s).The IFRS is also in charge of maintaining the IASB independence and financial autonomy. By 1973 the international Accounting standards Committee was formed and it served as the first international accounting standards setting body. In 2002, it was however reorganized and became an independent accounting standard setter. Currently, more than 100 countries use the International Financial Reporting standards (that is set and issued by IASB) or a local direct of the IFRS. In the United States, the IASB have been developing Generally Accepted Accounting principles (GAAP) as well as IFRS. Additionally the Asian community (China and Japan) are also formulating their accounting standards to conform to the IFRS (Michael, 77). The IFRS dictates that financial statements must be structured in such a way that they reflect the true and fair view of the organization’s financial performance as well as the fair financial position. In this regard the financial statements must provide accurate information about the assets, equity, liabilities, incomes and expenditures of a given organization as well as the operating profits or loses. Additionally, to other relevant information include cash flow movement, contribution by/distributions to investors, notes. Such information enables a prospective investor to predict with great accuracy on when to invest profitably in the organization based on the prediction of future cash flows. IFRS dictates that financial

A speech to persuade a philanthropical trust to fund a project for Essay

A speech to persuade a philanthropical trust to fund a project for saving dolphins in china - Essay Example statistics reveal that the species has a decreasing rate of 6.4%, and thus in 10-15, China will have lost a big share of its wealth (Davison, 2012, p.1). Certainly, China is famous for the rarest Yangtze River dolphin or Baiji. Year 1996 dolphins search by scientists on Yangtze River revealed the extent of depletion (â€Å"Petermaas,† 2011, p.1). Although the government has passed various regulations to reduce destruction of marine habitat, lack of proper follow up reduces its efficiency. For instance, electric fishing is strictly banned in Yangtze River but many still practice (Reeves et al, 2005, p.1). In addition, you agree with me that the wave of industrialization has resulted to bigger ships in the marine habitat. Bearing in mind that Baiji are almost blind animals they collide with ships leading to their death or are killed by ship propellers. The Yangtze River, the current habitation of Yangtze dolphin is unsecure and unreliable especially after the building of Three Gorge Dam. Therefore, the remaining dolphin requires a secure habitat. Let us remark that various initiatives have come up to protect our dolphin population. However, lack of proper funding has been the greatest drawback. We need to sensitize the public to stop electro fishing and using the wrong nets. We require funding to run sufficient advertising as we seek to sensitize all the stakeholders to put concerted efforts towards protection of dolphins. We, however, have a painstakingly uphill task considering that 30% of Yangtze River’s tributaries are seriously polluted. In fact, SEPA report calls the damage on this river as largely irreversible (Hance, 2012, p.1). Therefore, there is a need to get a conservation center where we can rescue the remaining porpoise dolphins. Previously, five porpoise dolphins introduced in the year 1990 in conservation prove this possible because they are forty in number as we speak (Davison, 2012, p.1). Therefore, I am kindly appealing to you for your kind

Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership - Case Study Example The university in so doing will require the stakeholders to show acceptance and positive regard towards the expected change. They can attain this issue through being polite and considerate instead of being arrogant when criticizing the change efforts. All the stakeholders or interested individuals as well as the subordinates should be treated with respect as individual. When A.F will be required to provide his explanation for the new selection, he will need to be patient and helpful when giving instructions and explanations (Tsui, Zhang, Wang, Xin, & Wu, 2006). The university needs to express their confidence in A.F to be able to make a good selection that will be used to in the future to help in achieving the course objectives. For A.F to be able to make a good choice of book that everyone will support, he will need to involve all the staff and everyone important to his selection process. He will also need to delegate responsibilities to people, a committee like, to help in making section decision. He will also need to provide relevant information and materials needed by the team t make a good selection. A.F will also need, among other efforts, to let the team develop confidence in him, encourage and support group initiatives as well as recognizing important contribututions from the team members. When it is established that student evaluation of the course that was updated for the new textbook are revealing extremely poor student satisfaction, there are various steps that need to be taken in order to deal with the situation. The first step to deal with it will be to increase the textbook supplies in case the dissatisfaction is because of the shortage in supply of the books. At the same time, if the cause of dissatisfaction is that the textbook is user unfriendly, experienced personnel should be added to help the students with how to go about reading the book (Turnley & Bolino, 2001). Similarly, a

Is John Stuart Mill's ulitilarianism a sound basis for his liberal Essay

Is John Stuart Mill's ulitilarianism a sound basis for his liberal feminism - Essay Example Therefore, society’s maximisation of utility consists in the achievement of the highest possible concentration of pleasure while minimising the amount of pain deriving from any action or law. Liberal feminism as propounded by Mill appears to conflict with some of the ideas advocated by utilitarianism; however, once thoroughly considered it does harmonise with his theory of utilitarianism. The theory of utilitarianism contains a theory of equality as it advocates that transfers of utility or happiness can and should only occur to the extent that marginal (that is, each additional increment of) utility for those who gain equals that of those who lose pleasure from the transfer. In conjunction with Liberal Feminism it means that no male should gain pleasure at the expense of a greater loss of pleasure by a woman. It treats everyone equally and without bias, male or female; but contained in equal treatment is the fact that it regards no one individually, and measures utility only quantitatively. Its principle of equal consideration of interests dictates that qualitative concerns (such as reasons why an action might be pleasing to a person) are not to be involved in this aspect of the utilitarian principle (Harsanyi, 1975, cited in Sen, 1979). According to this, egalitarianism is a fundamental principle of the theory of utilitarianism, and it advocates liberal feminism on ly as far as liberal feminism is itself an egalitarian principle. Theories of rights and justice are less overtly advocated by the principle, as it regards no one as special but explicitly demands only that happiness be maximised. In practice, however, rights of humans often do come into play because of a fundamental similarity among them that is usually assumed when dealing with large groups. Therefore, it is often believed that in general people will accrue a similar amount of pleasure from a given action, so each person therefore (in absence of or blindness

Abortion the topic of debate in the media Essay

Abortion the topic of debate in the media - Essay Example I am prepared to argue that abortion should not be legalized as instead it becomes common, takes away the value of human life, is not a 1 person issue, and it in fact causes women in some countries to be less free. In Mascle’s article she believes that in our society the illegalization of abortion is just another way to keep men at the top and women struggling at the bottom. She believes that taking the woman’s right to say no to giving birth to an unwanted child away gives men the upper hand. This in turn leaves women once a gain feeling powerless. She says, â€Å"Pregnancy and child care have long been ways that men have controlled and dominated women as well as restricted their education and professional lives (Mascle, 2).† She also believes that this not only works to dominate women but it also targets the poor and underprivileged. Mascle also believes that instead of spending a vast amount of money on trying to make sure that abortion is illegal, organizatio ns and individuals should be using this same money to help. She thinks that this money could be used to help the already helpless and needy children and disadvantaged women we have in our world. A third reason Mascle states in her article for the legalization of abortion is that women should not have to be forced to go through the physical procedure of giving birth. She says, â€Å"Pregnancy and child birth is a physical ordeal that can have a lifelong impact on a womans mental and physical health and well being (Mascle, 2).†

Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership - Case Study Example The university in so doing will require the stakeholders to show acceptance and positive regard towards the expected change. They can attain this issue through being polite and considerate instead of being arrogant when criticizing the change efforts. All the stakeholders or interested individuals as well as the subordinates should be treated with respect as individual. When A.F will be required to provide his explanation for the new selection, he will need to be patient and helpful when giving instructions and explanations (Tsui, Zhang, Wang, Xin, & Wu, 2006). The university needs to express their confidence in A.F to be able to make a good selection that will be used to in the future to help in achieving the course objectives. For A.F to be able to make a good choice of book that everyone will support, he will need to involve all the staff and everyone important to his selection process. He will also need to delegate responsibilities to people, a committee like, to help in making section decision. He will also need to provide relevant information and materials needed by the team t make a good selection. A.F will also need, among other efforts, to let the team develop confidence in him, encourage and support group initiatives as well as recognizing important contribututions from the team members. When it is established that student evaluation of the course that was updated for the new textbook are revealing extremely poor student satisfaction, there are various steps that need to be taken in order to deal with the situation. The first step to deal with it will be to increase the textbook supplies in case the dissatisfaction is because of the shortage in supply of the books. At the same time, if the cause of dissatisfaction is that the textbook is user unfriendly, experienced personnel should be added to help the students with how to go about reading the book (Turnley & Bolino, 2001). Similarly, a

Abortion the topic of debate in the media Essay

Abortion the topic of debate in the media - Essay Example I am prepared to argue that abortion should not be legalized as instead it becomes common, takes away the value of human life, is not a 1 person issue, and it in fact causes women in some countries to be less free. In Mascle’s article she believes that in our society the illegalization of abortion is just another way to keep men at the top and women struggling at the bottom. She believes that taking the woman’s right to say no to giving birth to an unwanted child away gives men the upper hand. This in turn leaves women once a gain feeling powerless. She says, â€Å"Pregnancy and child care have long been ways that men have controlled and dominated women as well as restricted their education and professional lives (Mascle, 2).† She also believes that this not only works to dominate women but it also targets the poor and underprivileged. Mascle also believes that instead of spending a vast amount of money on trying to make sure that abortion is illegal, organizatio ns and individuals should be using this same money to help. She thinks that this money could be used to help the already helpless and needy children and disadvantaged women we have in our world. A third reason Mascle states in her article for the legalization of abortion is that women should not have to be forced to go through the physical procedure of giving birth. She says, â€Å"Pregnancy and child birth is a physical ordeal that can have a lifelong impact on a womans mental and physical health and well being (Mascle, 2).†

Forensic Psychology Essay Example for Free

Forensic Psychology Essay 1.How often is the insanity defense used and how successful is it? I would like to answer this question, with the presentation of my opinion and the performed research. It is within my opinion, that the insanity defense is used over excessively and is taking part in almost every defense to any crime. Offenders seem to have the knowledge to the use of this defense and will often provide a plea to guilty by insanity or temporary insanity, within the faith, to receive a reduced sentence. While insanity has to be a proven fact and a psychologist has to conduct a variety of tests to confirm the offender is suffering from a mental incompetence or insanity, most offenders have the ability to mislead or deceive psychologists to receive the evaluation they seek. Such action, if discovered, would actually prove the sanity of such offenders, but in most cases, it cannot be ascertained. The success of such defense is, within my view, very effective. The performed research is revealing a different answer. According to the St. Joseph News Press (2007), it has stated the opposite to my opinion. This article within a study of the national mental health institute claim’s; â€Å"the insanity defense plea is used in less than one (1) percent of criminal cases in the United States and less than a quarter of those pleas are successful†. Retrieved from; St. Joseph News Press (2007). With these opinions and views in combination, one would have to conduct further studies on this subject, to establish the correct answer. Everyone has different sentiments, within the use of the insanity defense and the successfulness of such validation. 2. Identify and discuss the major criticisms of the insanity defense. It is my belive,the major criticism of the insanity defense could be the establishment of prove to the claim of insanity. More often, offenders will try to make use of this defense for the hope of receiving a reduced sentence or the sentence to receive institutional care. According to my research, there are three (3) major criticisms within the insanity defense. The Insanity defense is mentioned as confusing to the psychiatric and legal concept. Furthermore, it is explained that the word â€Å"insane† is more of a legal word, then a medical term, and therefor to prove a person or a criminal insane, one must find the mental condition, of a criminal, severely impaired to the point of losing one’s free will. A psychiatrist may be or may not able to determine such illness, and a jury’s decision solely based on a psychiatrists’ opinion may be grounded on unreliable evidence. Retrieved from; Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2 (2008). 2. This criticism is on the moral basis and the consequences. This section suggests that the crime is of more importance, then the moral imperatives. It also addresses the way a criminal, who does plea insanity, should be trialed and punished for the crime. It is suggested, that the criminal should be convicted and the mental illness should be taken in consideration at the time of sentencing. If this method would be used by the court, it would allow the judge to determine the length of imprisonment, within a hospital prison, and the defendant would have to provide prove of improvement to the once dangerous behavior. Retrieved from; Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2 (2008). 3. This last criticism, is turned to the rich and wealthy criminals, who make use of the insanity plea. It is argued; â€Å"only wealthy defendant have the ability to retain a high-priced psychiatrist, who may be able to declare the defendant insane with the performed examination†. It also is believed, people who have less monetary funds and depend on the defense of a public defender, will not receive the same quality of defense, and they are also unable to receive the same value within the insanity exam. Such critic is based on the suggestion, that the insanity defense should be eliminated. Retrieved from; Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2 (2008). 3. When a mentally ill person is convicted and incarcerated, what are some of the difficulties in providing appropriate psychological treatment for these offenders? The difficulties in providing appropriate care, to a incarcerated mentally ill person, would stand to the inappropriate care and knowledge of the staff or facility personnel, to the condition of the mentally ill. A prison or jail is not equipped nor can such establishment provide the correct treatment to the mentally ill. To take in consideration the staff and the special medical treatment such person would require, every day, while in such confinement. But the alternative to this problem is stated in: Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System, 6e,(2011) in which it is proposed; â€Å"When defendants are found incompetent to stand trial, they can be committed for a period of treatment designed to restore their competence†. And also; â€Å"for dealing with the unrestorably incompetent criminal defendant include her or his waiving the right to be found incompetent to proceed to trial and using a special form of commitment for incompetent defendants who are judged at a provisional trial to be guilty of the crimes with which they are chargedâ€Å". Retrieved from; Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System, 6e, pg; 249 (2011). It is my believe, the above suggested method, would be the better approach to the incarceration of incompetent or the mentally ill offenders.

Analysis of Bacteria Strains: Phonotypical Tests

Analysis of Bacteria Strains: Phonotypical Tests Kunthavai Jeevananthan Bacterial Identification Aims: To analyse and identify 10 different strains of bacteria by conducting 19 different tests phonotypical tests. Bacteria also known as eubacteria are microorganisms that are invisible to the naked eye but exist in virtually all environments in the world. Bacteria are classified as part of the Monera kingdom which includes archaebacteria and cyanobacteria. Most bacteria are pathogenic or disease causing however not all bacteria are harmful as there are a number of bacteria that can be found in the human body that have positive benefit to their hosts such as help digest food, secrete hormones, chemicals and vitamins required in cell metabolism and even fight off other harmful bacteria. Bacteria exist in various rod, spiral and spherical shapes and are more numerous than any other living organisms. It is important to be able to identify microorganisms in medical clinic in order to help selection of antibodies. Some pharmaceutical products are also made using bacteria therefore many unknown and unidentified bacteria may be useful in the clinical industries. The taxonomy or a particular bacterial c haracteristic can be used to identify similarities that show relationships with disease related descriptions (Janda and Abbott, 2002). Various laboratory tests have been developed that are based on the type of nutrients a bacterium can grow on, the kind of toxins or waste products they produce or how much variation in growth temperature they can tolerate and their morphology can be used to distinguish closely related strains of bacteria. Rapid test kits have also been developed to identify bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae genera and other gram negative bacteria. Phonotypical approaches of identifying bacteria does not always provide sufficient information to set taxonomic boundaries between different species the repetition of some phenotypic characteristics make it difficult to separate them. Genotyping is however is more precise when it comes to differentiating bacteria within species that lead to the development of DNA hybridisation. This is a technique used measure the similarities in sequences between the DNA of an isolate and a known bacteria. Before conducting a phonotypical bacterial identification it is important to have a pure culture of the bacteria that needs to be identified so that all components of the cells have grown from a single cell and they are clones of one another also known as Holy Grail (Barrow and Feltham, 1993). The bacterial colonies formed for different types of bacteria have different cultural characteristics on agar plates known as colony morphology these include pigments, size edge, pattern, opacity and shine t herefore macroscopically examining the colonies of bacterial cultures is one of the first important tests in bacterial identification. There may be drawbacks in this technique as the visual interpretation can differ from person to person therefore it might not produce reliable results and also mutations in the bacteria strains occur all the time that may provide slightly different characteristics than normal making difficult or incorrect identification. A number of staining methods can be used to examine the cultures under a microscope such as negative staining which stains the background and leaves the cells clear so that the shape of the bacterial cells, presence of glistening capsule and presence of a diffusive extracellular substance (EPS) around the cell and the arrangement of cells can be determined. Differential staining is a test that divides bacteria into two large groups either gram negative or gram positive. Pink- red staining indicates gram negative bacteria and a blue purple staining shows gram positive bacteria cells. Unevenly stained clear surfaces can be formed on the surface of the bacterial cells during gram staining due to the presence of endospores that can be confirmed using spore stain. Acid fast staining is also used if cells appear long, slender and intertwined in order to confirm the presence of acid fast cells which are bacteria in the genera Mycobacteria and Nocardia that are resistant to gram staining. Oxidase, catalase and the ability of the culture to grow in anaerobic conditions are three tests that are conducted during the first steps of identification. Catalase test is to dip an inoculating needle coated with culture into a droplet of hydrogen peroxide and if the bacteria possesses a catalase enzyme it will breakdown the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen that effervesce to form foam. Catalase positive bacteria are usually aerobic while catalase negative bacteria are anaerobic. Cytochrome oxidase is another enzyme found normally in the electron transport chains of an aerobic bacteria and this is tested by adding an artificial substrate such as para amino dimethylaniline that will produce a dark red to black product when oxidised (Cullimore, 2000). Alongside these test the cultures can be tested on their abilities to grow under anaerobic conditions which can further divide them into 4 major groups; strictly aerobic, reduced concentrations of oxygen, both aerobic and anaero bic and strictly anaerobic bacteria. Urease synthesis, gelatin hydrolysis and citrate utilisation are tests that can be conducted to narrowly distinguish bacteria further to help identify their genera. Urease is produced the bacterial genera proteus, providentia and morgenella to break down urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia therefore it is a useful test to help distinguish these genera from other gram negative rods during identification. Urease test is carried out by incubating urea broth with samples of gram negative cultures. The presence of ammonia increases the pH hence turning the phenol red indicator to a pink-purple colour for a positive test (Harvey and Champe et al, 2001). The gelatin hydrolysis test identifies the ability of bacteria to produce gelatinases which can help identification of serratia and proteus. The citrate utilisation tests the ability of the bacteria to utilise citrate as its carbon and energy source used mostly to identify gram negative bacteria. Indole, methyl red- Voges- protease test and fermentation of glucose, sucrose and lactose are also test that are conducted to help assist with identification of bacteria. Indole test is preformed to test the ability of bacteria to breakdown amino acid tryptophan and produce indole that can be detected using Kovac’s reagent. This method is important in the identification of gram negative enterobacteria. Methyl red-Voges- Proskauer on the other hand are two tests that are conducted together as they both require the use of the same medium. The methyl red test identifies the ability of the bacteria to carry out mixed acid fermentations whereas the VP test determines whether the bacteria fermenting sugars via the butanediol pathway by testing for the by-product acetoin. These tests are also useful in differentiating between members of the enterobacteria such as E. coli (Wong, 2005). The ability of bacteria to ferment carbohydrates is also a way to discriminate them during identific ation as fewer bacteria are able to use disaccharides like lactose and sucrose as a source of energy. This can be detected by checking for release of gaseous by products and metabolic chemicals that are released during the process of oxidation and fermentation of sugars. These tests described in the context above were carried out under standard conditions and results were recorded. Results Table 1: shows test results for Colony Morphology for 10 unknown bacterial cultures A to J. Table 2: shows test results for 18 different bacterial identification tests for unknown cultures A to J. Urease, indole, citrate, oxidase, methyl red and Voges-Proskauer test were only carried out for gram negative strains of bacteria and the endospores were only tested for gram positive bacteria. Microphotographs showing cell morphologies and gram (+/-) strains for cultures C, D and F are shown in the appendix. For culture C it can be seen that the cells are arranged in â€Å"grape like† structures whereas C is arranged in packets of four. It can also be seen that culture F it can be seen that the cells were single and in chains. Discussion Organism A and B are both gram positive rods that gave positive results for anaerobic, catalase and endospores test however they can both be differentiated as organism B is brown in colour and a glucose fermenter whereas organism A is orange in colour and a non-glucose fermenter. Organism B was in a cooked meat liquid broth which also indicates that the bacterium maybe part of the Clostridium species that have a few pathogenic bacteria that are responsible for food poisoning and tetanus. Organism A is therefore Bacillus Cereus some bacterium in this species are harmless whereas others are pathogenic that may cause foodborne illnesses such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Organism C has the morphology of pale yellow cocci clusters arranged in packets of four. It is a gram positive bacterium that also shows positive results for glucose fermentation and the catalase test show characteristics of Staphylococcus species which include pathogenic bacteria that causes skin infections, pneum onia and food poisoning. Organism C appeared in clusters that were â€Å"grape like† and is also a gram positive cocci and has a positive result for catalase however it does not ferment carbohydrates but shows positive test results for their metabolic chemical produced and hereby conveying characteristics of Micrococcus species these bacteria are very rarely disease causing and if so some may cause chronic cutaneous infections (Breed and Murray, 1957). Organism E has a white flat mycelial morphology and it is a gram positive glucose fermenter therefore it is a part of the Streptomyces genera that are known to inhibit the soil and causes the common scab in root vegetables. Organism F is a clear gram negative rod bacterium that is glucose and lactose fermenter and produces metabolic chemicals for glucose, lactose. It also produced negative results for tests urease, gelatin, oxidase, Voges-Proskauer (VP) and indole however it showed positive results for catalase, citrate and methyl red and anaerobic tests as shown in figure 2. Analysing these results organism F can be identified as Escherichia coli that consist of many different strains some of which can cause urinary tract infections, diarrhoea, anaemia and even kidney failure. Organism G is a gram negative rod that produces metabolic chemicals for all three carbohydrates glucose, lactose and sucrose however bubbles were only present for lactose and sucrose. It also shows positive results for tests urease, indole anaerobic and VP but negative results for catalase, oxidase, gelatin and methyl red. Organism G showed similar results to organism F however unlike organism F it is urease positive therefore it can be a bacterium from the Proteus genera that also contain a few pathogenic bacteria that can cause urinary tract infections, kidney stones and cystitis. Organism H is only a glucose fermenter but does not produce any metabolic chemicals. It demonstrates positive test results for urease, gelatin, citrate, anaerobic catalase and oxidase but negative for both methyl red and VP as well as indole tests. It is possible that this bacterium maybe be a part of the Pseudomonas genera with different bacterial strains that may cause respiratory tract infections, dermatitis and bone and joint infections. Organism I is also a gram negative rod and had a clear pigmentation on an agar medium that is a glucose fermenter but however it produces metabolic chemicals for glucose, lactose and sucrose. It also produces positive results when being tested for citrate, anaerobic, catalase and methyl red but not for urease, gelatin, indole, oxidase and VP this indicates that organism I could be Salmonella typhimurium a pathogenic bacteria that causes gastroenteritis that leads to diarrhoea. Organism J is another gram negative bacterium that produces no bubbles for glucose, lactose or sucrose fermentation but produces metabolic chemicals for glucose and sucrose. It is also positive for gelatin, citrate, anaerobic, catalase and VP however it is negative for urease, indole, oxidase and methyl red tests. The red pigmentation of the bacterial culture and the other tests results indicates that organism J maybe Serratia marcescens that are associated with many different types of diseases some of which in clude bacteraemia, sepsis and meningitis. In order to conduct more specific identification of these bacteria further tests can be carried out that will help to distinguish each bacterium more accurately. Other tests that can be carried out include starch hydrolysis, lipid hydrolysis, motility (SIM) deeps, beta galactosidase, nitrate, coagulase, mannitol salt, osmotic pressure and haemolysis. References Barrow, G. I., Feltham, K. A. R. (1993). Crowan and Steel’s manual for the identification of medical bacteria: classification and nomenclature. 1-6. United Kingdom: Cambridge university press. Breed, R. S., Murray, G. D. E., Smith, N. R. (1957). Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. 695- 800. United States of America: Baltimore Williams and Wilkins co. Cullimore, D. R. (2000). Practical atlas for bacterial identification: initial stages of the identification of the bacterial culture. 1-7. United States of America: CRC press LLC; Harvey, R. A., Champe, P.C., Fisher, B.D. (2001). Microbiology: identification of bacteria. 24-27. United Stated of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Janda, J.M., Abbott, S. L. (2002). Bacterial identification for publication: when enough is enough? Journal of clinical microbiology. Vol. 40 no. 6, (1887-1891). Wong, T. (2005). Introduction to microbiology laboratory exercises for Allied Heath students: The IMViC tests. 48-50. United States of America: Author House. Appendix Culture C Culture D Culture F

Norplan - The 5 Year Birth Control :: Contraceptives, Birth Control Essays

Norplant are Six thin, bendable plastic implants that are put in under the skin of the upper arm. These soft capsules are the size of a small stick. Each capsule contains one hormone. Those hormones are called levonorgestrel. Levonorgestrel is like the progesterone that is made by a woman's ovaries. A very small amount of hormone is released regularly. This hormone typically stops the ovaries from getting released. It also condenses the cervical mucus, keeping all sperm from getting together with egg. Some scientist believes that Norplant stops the fertilized egg from sticking to the lining of the uterus. Norplant only last about five years. The Cost of Norplant costs between $500 and $750 dollars. This cost includes the medical exam, a pregnancy test, the implants, and the insertion of Norplant. The cost is about $150 a year for a five-year period. The Doctor will eventually charge an additional fee in order to remove the Norplant her body and that costs from $100 to $200.Some insurance plans may cover Norplant. Norplant is one of the most effective birth control. It becomes effectual in 24 hours of insertion. Out of 10,000 women that get Norplant 5 will get pregnant. Norplant is more effective than sterilization Norplant does not protect women from sexually transmitted infection. The process of inserting Norplant starts with the doctor washing the skin with an antiseptic and she will numb a small area under your arm with a painkiller. The doctor will then make a small cut. Then the doctor will insert six capsules. The person needs all six capsules to prevent a pregnancy. The Insertion takes about 10 minutes. This procedure is painless. The only pain that a person get is by the needle is used to insert the painkiller. Some women have a little bit of discomfort just for a little while it can be inserted at any time of the month even though they usually insert Norplant during the first seven days of a menstrual cycle. This is just to be sure that the women are not pregnant. Norplant must be removed by five years when it stops working. Removal has to occur after five years because if not the hormones may continue to be released and cause irregular periods without pregnancy prevention. To remove Norplant your doctor will numb the area with a painkiller. And he or she will make a small cut will in order to remove all of the capsules.

Africana Womanism: An Historical, Global Prespective for Women of African Descent :: essays research papers

â€Å"Africana Womanism: An Historical, Global Prespective for Women of African Descent† â€Å"Africana Womanism: An Historical, Global Perspective for Women of African Descent† is an essay based on Africana Womanism and how it compares to white feminism. The essay was written by Clenora Hudson-Weems, an African American writer and literary critic. She was born in Oxford, Mississippi and she was raised in Memphis, Tennessee. I will compare Africana Womanism and Feminism and discuss the definition of the two the topics. Also I will discuss the important historical figures that are womanists. I think the issue is important because the common misconception is that a womanist and a feminist are the same thing but they are totally different. A womanist is more family oriented and feminists are dealing with the empowerment of themselves. Clenora Hudson-Weems wrote â€Å"Africana Womanism: An Historical, Global Perspective for Women of African Descent† and it was about womanism. Another word for womanism is feminism, and feminism is defined as the empowerment of woman. In the era of women’s rights, women were not treated as equals, especially black women. Colored women could not get any equality or any empowerment unless they live in a community which they can establish their own racial and cultural integrity. White women and Africana both have the same amount of rights but white women had better accommodations as far as restrooms, water fountains, swimming pools, and everything else that is segregated. I think that Africana women were oppressed more than white women. I believe that black women should be treated just as equally as white women. Africana women are fighting for civil rights and women’s rights. Africana women have been more concerned for the whole Africana community. Their main priori ty is â€Å"†¦race empowerment, with class and gender following†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Weems, 80). Womanism was important in the Africana community because the Africana women was trying empower not just themselves but empower the whole Africana community. For example, Harriet Tubman (Underground Railroad conductor), â€Å"risked her life time and again in freeing Africana men, women, and children in slavery, thereby establishing her commitment to racial parity†(Weems, 80). The crucial role of an Africana woman is that many Africana academicians accepted the idea of female empowerment so that the level of struggle or concerns of Africana women are noticeable. Many people think because a woman is a feminist, that she is oppressed with gender issues, but an Africana woman are traditionally family centered.

Burger King Expansion

1. By mid-2009, Burger King was not in any of the following five countries: France, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and South Africa. Compare these countries as possible future locations for Burger King.These countries all have large populations but are not in close proximity to the BK headquarters in Miami. How well do these five countries identify with the Burger King brand? It is hard entering foreign markets where consumers are loyal to previously established brands. Is there even enough beef to go around? Burger King will have their work set out for them to be successful in these markets and many not have franchising opportunities to rely on.France: the concern with France is how much of the population actually consumes beef.India: Burger King may have recently ruined their chances for sending their business to India. There are no beef in the McDonalds located in India. Hindu does not eat beef and that is approximately 80% of the population. Burger King thought it was a good idea to p lace an ad of Lakshmi, the Indian goddess of wealth, about to eat one of the beef burgers, which are forbidden under Hindu religion. Why? Other than that bad business move Burger King is faced with re-inventing their menu.Nigeria- Restaurants like Tantilizers has had plenty of success in Nigeria and service similar food products to Burger King. Well, at least they sell hamburgers. Yet, it all depends on how well Burger King can re-invent meat pies and other popular Nigerian foods. I think Nigeria will be a much better location than that of France and India and it has less competition.Pakistan- McDonalds seems to found success in Pakistan and serves many beef products, chicken, and fish. Burger King can have similar success from a product/menu standpoint. However, will it be enough to compete with an already established fast food base who serves similar products and have a loyal consumer base. However, the market is big enough for an additional player because of the population.South Africa- South Africa willIf I was on the Burger King Management team then I would definitely try to enter into Nigeria, Pakistan, and South Africa. I do not think that France is the type of market that Burger King will do exceptional well but maybe average. India, I would not even look any further into trying to bring the BK brand.2. When entering another country, discuss the advantages and disadvantages that an international restaurant company, specifically Burger King, would have in comparison with a local company in that market.The advantages of Burger King entering into new markets are: The disadvantages of Burger King entering new markets are:3. About two-thirds of Burger King’s restaurants and revenues are in its Americas region (United States and Canada) and one-third elsewhere. Should this relationship change? If so, why and how?The relationship should not change. America is only 5 percent of the world population but consumes 25% of beef. However, Burger King could sw itch up their menu but I do not think that will bring success. The fish and chicken products do not produce enough variety in international markets in my opinion.4. The case mentions that Burger King prefers to enter countries with large numbers of youth and shopping centers. Why do you think these conditions would be advantageous?5. How has Burger King’s headquarters location influenced its international expansion? Has this location strengthened or weekend its global competitive position?The location has weakened Burger King international expansion. Almost three fourths of all Burger restaurants are either in the United States or Latin  America. Latin America because of its convenience makes up 25 percent of global operations. However, because of the small populated countries only 1/8 of the revenue comes from the same 25 percent of the international restaurants. The wealthy European countries are not6. Evaluate Burger King’s strategy of using the Brazilian experien ce to guide its entries into Russia.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/5786561/Burger-King-apology-to-Hindus-for-advert.htmlhttp://www.ran.org/fileadmin/materials/education/factsheets/fs_beef.pdf

Contemporary Issue in Health and Social Care Essay

Introduction Social media has played and has been playing a crucial role in the development of health and social care in United Kingdom (UK). Since the emerge of the health and social care sector, social media has been performing a tremendous role as the health and social care is becoming an industry and without this industry social and economic development of UK would not be possible. This report covers the role of media for the development of health and social care. At the very beginning a snapshot of the role of media on the creation of public concern about health and social care will be discussed with evidence. The ways by which media publishes and considers about the health and social care issues will be discussed. Different perspectives of public issues regarding the health and social care will also be discussed in brief. The likely influence of different perspective on the development of service sector will also be discussed. Information relating to the health and social care that gives rise to issues of concern to the public 1.1 Information relating to health and social care to reach the public domain According to Cleland and Gareis (2006) health and social care sector is not only a sensitive one but also a crucial one for the public health. Normal people are much more concerned about the health and social care issues and almost all the time they had no information about health and social care. Mass media has come forward to solve the problem and they are almost fully successful in solving the problem regarding the information gap of the public. Side by side there are other different ways by which information relating to social and health care is transmitted to the public (Godden, 2014). Mass media like TV, Radio, newspaper, and the internet are to be attributed for the information dissemination. Besides the mass media, social media has also played a crucial role. Facebook, Twitter, and other social medi a have contributed a lot in this respect (Minniti and Moren, 2010). For example: If any new  vaccine related to Cancer is introduced, then mass media along with social media make a joint effort to disseminate the information to the cancer affected people all around UK. That is how information is disseminated about health and social issues. 1.2 Techniques to disseminate information relating to health and social care AJOL (2014) refers that dissemination of information related to health and social care is a sectorial policy taken by the UK government. There are some common methods by which health and social care information can be disseminated to the public and related parties. These most common methods are use of radios, pamphlets, television, and educational campaigns. Use of report cards and accreditation are two mechanisms that are most commonly used for the information dissemination related to the health and social care. UK citizens are very much concerned about their health and social care issues and they listen, understand, and take relative actions to apply this information for the effective and efficient health care sector (The Guardian. 2014). Use of pamphlets is one of the most effective ways to disseminate information. UK government and related ministry has also made it available through radios, televisions, and running campaigns which are educational (Minniti and Moren, 2010). For example Dissemination of information related to health and social cares is important for the education of the patients and citizens about the likely causes of Malaria and thus take strategic actions in this respect. 1.3 Ways in which information can influence the attitudes, thoughts, and behavior of people Information that is being provided are not made for something vain rather this information have a great influence on the attitudes thoughts, and behavior of the people of United Kingdom (UK). The evaluation of the information collected from different sources about health and social care and the influence of the information will be focused here (Ravasi and Schultz, 2006). Mass media has a strong liaison and this strong interpersonal relationship with different sources of information results in an unveiling of health and social care related information to the public. Common people are completely influenced by the information provided by the sources. As the sources of information has been int roduced in the previous section, it is state worthy that social and health care information has  changed the attitudes, thoughts, and behavior of common people. Mass media along with social media make people much more aware about their health and safety issues (Godden, 2014). For example: Before the invention of Facebook, any movement that had to be taken place faced great difficulty. But as Facebook grows and other mass media are getting concerned about the rights of them from the society, any nonviolent movement is taking place without such effort than previously had done (Mcclimens, et al, 2012). People are conscious about various contagious diseases and much more aware about their contribution to the society. They are also focused on their rights from the society. Their contribution to the society and the benefits they are deriving from the society are summed to take them to a balancing position or situation (AJOL, 2014). LO2 Understanding how issues of public concern related to health and social care are presented in the media 2.1 Ways in which media can be used to influence the attitudes and behavior of people in relation to health and social care issues Ravasi and Schultz(2006) Statesas it is mentioned in the previous section, mass media and social media in UK and perhaps all around the world is dedicated to the health and social care of the people. People’s attitude and behavior has changed and has been upgrading with the help of mass media especially in case of health and social care issues. Mass media is one of the main catalysts in the development of the positive attitudes and behaviors of the people. People are now much more aware of the use of social care services. They use child care services; they use more residential nursing care; they use residential care facilities and many more others (The Guardian. 2014). Conferencing is one of the ways by which mass media can be used for influencing people for their attitudes and behavior toward health and social care (The Guardian. 2014). Use of social media for the improvement of the awareness of the health and social care issues can be another way by which media can be used. For example Through different media advertising, many messages can be convened to the  public to change the attitudes about the health and social care. 2.2 Evaluation of the public assessment of the reliability and validity of media information about health and social care According to Hscic (2014) information that are being provided and published in mass media is not trustworthy always, so, the degree or magnitude of dependence on this information varies. Some media reports health and social care issues on behalf of government and they always praise the actions taken by government. Still some other media always make an evaluation of the actions taken by government in relation to health and social care issues and give their insightful recommendation. So, how people accept media information and, if accept, the degree of acceptance is a matter of great concern (Godden, 2014). People are very much concerned about the reliability and validity of the media information relating to the health and social care issues. Their dependence on the information is based on the transparency, honesty, and giving voice to the public. For example People will not be convinced if any mass media declares anything that is supernatural and about the health and social care issues. Different technical and business level factors are considered if any information is unveiled about health and social care (Csikaiand Bass2001). LO3 Being able to carry out research into different perspectives on a specific issue relating to health and social care 3.1 Research into different perspectives on a specific issue relating to health and social care According to BMJ (2014) there are many issues regarding the health and social care in United Kingdom (UK). These issues build up the different perspectives of health and social care issues. Different perspectives of the different issues of health and social sector will be discussed in this section of analysis. The most common and most influential issue of the health and social care is to meet the increased demand for services. Every government in the world has been tightening their budgets and the budget for health and social care has been decreasing at a slow pace (BMJ, 2014). One perspective of that issue of the health and social care is the budget restrictions. So, a little number of health and social care jobs are created. Another perspective is the increased number of private organizations in the social care sector like residential nursing, child day care, non-residential social care etc. (AJOL,  2014). Hardill et al (2005) States still another perspective is the less interesting issues to the students. As government makes less budget people are not so interested in developing their career in this sector. For example: It is difficult to secure a good job in the health and social care immediately after the graduation. So, employment opportunity is not created more than expected. 3.2 Monitoring of the changes of different perspectives regarding health and social care issues These different perspectives derived from the issues of health and social care have been changing with the passage of time. Change is a common phenomenon for every material of the world. So, perspectives regarding the health and social care have also been seeing a constant change as people’s attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors are changing. One issue of the health and social care is increased demand for services and different perspectives of the issue are the budget restrictions, lower employment opportunity, and uninteresting job to the graduates. These different issues have been changing with the passage of time in United Kingdom as well all around the world. One change is the increased demand for the social services. Peo ple are now most focused on the use of child day care and residential care facilities. Still another change is the emergence of the private sector in the health and social care sector (Hscic, 2014) For example People now are getting much busier and this leads to the increased demand for the social care services. Obviously, the standard of living has a positive correlation with the increased demand of the social care services. 3.3 Assessment of the relevance of the findings practically in the local arena UK has a strong health and social care sector and this sector has also been noticing a significant change as time passes. The local change in the perspectives of the issues of health and social care can also be attributed to the global change in the health and social sector (BMJ, 2014). The world’s health and social care has been seeing positive changes in recent years. Even in developed countries like India and Bangladesh, social and health care sector is about to boom. For example: In India, it is mandatory to make the life insurance at the very advent of  the birth of a child as like in the United States of America. UK is also monitoring a positive change in the health and social care sector and issues. In the local environment, people are also becoming much more aware about the services that can be expected from the government. Social care sector is observing a boom in the economy and the government is now transferring its duty to the private sector for the social services. The government is taking the position of monitoring the health and social care service institutions (Cleland and Gareis, 2006). 3.4 Factors that have influenced on the development of different perspectives According to Minniti and Moren (2010) various social and economic factors lead to the changes in the different perspectives of the issues of health and social sector. These social and economic issues affect the behavior of the people toward the development of the attitudes toward the health and social issues. Interpersonal relationship among the people also has an impact(Hscic, 2014). These factors that have a significant impact on the development of the different perspectives of the issues of the health and social sector are following here: There are different factors that lead to the development of different perspectives of the issues of the health and social care. These factors are: Life factors, environmental factors, socioeconomic factors, physical factors, social and political factors, lifestyle factors, emotional factors, etc. are different factors in the development of the different perspectives of health and social care. For example Genetic factors, physical factors, intellectual factors can be considered as factors under the life factors. The way of behaving and the cultural orientation of the society are also influential factors. These factors lead to the development of the issues of the health and social care and thus bringing changes in the community. LO4 Understanding the likely influence of different perspectives on the development of services 4.1 Analysis of the extent to which local attitudes reflect national level Local, local, and many other local attitudes make the national attitudes. So, within a country, like UK, there may have some dissimilarity among the attitudes of the people, as country is divided into many local areas and attitudes. Local attitudes make up the aggregate attitude which is national attitude. Local attitudes toward different issues and perspectives of health and  social care reflect the national level attitude. There is positive correlation between the development of local atti tude and national attitude (Cleland and Gareis, 2006) For example A survey is conducted by the NHS of UK with a question â€Å"Do you think that Britain’s health services are one of the best in the world?† 59% of the respondents replied positively whereas 33% disagree with the opinion and the remaining other said they don’t know (NHS. 2014). This example illustrates the national level attitude about the health and social care and it can be said that people are satisfied with what are being provided and the level of satisfaction is high. Health and social care sector is a sensitive sector as this sector is related to the life of the people. 4.2 Evaluation of the validity of public attitudes and behaviors in relation to a specific issue Public sometimes overact in different issues about health and social care. Their overreaction may lead to suspension of some good bills and at times which is catastrophic for the common people. In case of some specific issues public attitudes and behavior must have to be evaluated and the validity of their action will have to be measured (NHS. 2014). In the previous example it is clear that people are much more convinced about what they are getting from the government and public. Still some others reacted negatively and others made no comments on the issue. It is overreaction about the issue of health and social care. Peoples normally have positive experiences of the services being offered by NHS. NHS also makes direct communication and has strong media coverage. For example Mass media develops the public attitude toward the health and social care issues and an issue can be the â€Å"Satisfaction of the people services being offered by NHS† 26% people say that government has adopted right policies for the NHS whereas 44% says not. 54% people are satisfied with the national level services of NHS whereas 23% are not. 68% people are satisfied with the local NHS services (NHS. 2014). 4.3 Justification of the possible consequences of contemporary thinking for health and social care provision and services Csikai and Bass (2001)refers if people are not sophisticated enough and still remain in the Stone Age about the thinking of the health and social issues, these may lead to severe consequences. Thoughts which are  contemporary being replaced are by modern thoughts. One day, who knows, man would make it possible to invent the vaccines of AIDS. The most contemporary issues in the health and social care are the standards of the services in the hospitals especially for the elderly people or the senior citizens. Mass media can reflect the issues of the health and social care. One of the main consequences of the contemporary thinking about the health and social care is the education about the health and social care will be low. The contemporary attitude toward the health and social care may be catastrophic as people do not change their views about the medic and medicine as well as social services(Hscic, 2014) Conclusion There exists a positive relationship between public opinion of the issue and development of related social policy. Social media has played an important role in this regard as they are making the health and social care for the public a more interesting and concerning one. Social and health care has emerged as a prospective sector within UK and media has played a crucial role in the development of this industry. Mass media make the public aware of the need of the health and social care and health and social care is now an emerging sector in UK. The local health issues and attitudes contribute a lot to the international arena. Education of the people is important in this respect and different publication can be used for health and social care. References Online 1. NHS. (2014). Health Care in UK. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Pages/HomePage.aspx. Last accessed 2nd March 2014. 2. The Guardian. (2014). the role of technology in integrating health and social care | live discussion. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2014/feb/26/technology-health-social-care-integration. Last accessed 2nd March 2014. 3. Godden, D. et. al. (2014). â€Å"Contemporary issues in rural health care† [online] available at: [accessed on 16th February, 2014] 4. AJOL, (2014). â€Å"The role of media in disseminating information† [online] available at: [accessed on 16th February, 2014] 5. Hscic, (2014). â€Å"Health and social care information center† [online] available at: [accessed on 16th February, 2014] 6. BMJ, (2014). â€Å"Reliability of health information for the public† [online] available at: < http://www.bmj.com/content/> [accessed on 16th February, 2014] Journals 1. Minniti, M. and Moren, L. (2010). â€Å"Entrepreneurial types and economic growth†, Journal of Business Venturing, 25 (3): 305-314. 2. Ravasi, D., Schultz, M. (2006), â€Å"Responding to organizational identity threats: exploring the role of organizational culture†, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.49, No.3, pp. 433–458. 3. Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000). â€Å"The Promise of Entrepreneurship as A Field of Research†, Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226. Books 1. Cleland, D. I. Gareis, R. (2006). Global Project Management Handbook. â€Å"Chapter 1: â€Å"The evolution of project management†. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. ISBN 0-07-146045-4 2. Csikai, E. L. and Bass, K. 2001. Health care social workers’ views of ethical issues, practice, and policy in end-of-life care. Social Work in Health Care, 32 (2), pp. 1–22. 3. Hardill, I., Spradbery, J., Arnold-Boakes, J. and Marrugat, M. L. 2005. Severe health and social care issues among British migrants who retire to Spain. Ageing and Society, 25 (5), pp. 769–784. 4. Mcclimens, A., Bosworth, D., Brewster, J. and Nutting, C. 2012. Contemporary issues in the training of UK health and social care professionals—looking after people with a learning disability. Nurse education today, 32 (7), pp. 817–821.